Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards
The Integumentary
- External body covering
- Protects tissues
- Synthesizes
- Site of cutaneous receptors
The Skeletal
- Protects body organs
- Framework for muscles
- Blood cells formed w/ in bones
- Stores minerals
The Muscular
- Locomotion
- Facial Expressions
- Posture
- Heat
The Nervous
- Control center
- Fast-acting
- Responds to internal/ external changes
The Endocrine
- Glands secrete hormones
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Nutrient Use
The Cardiovascular
- Blood vessels transport
- Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Carries nutrients and wastes
The Lymphatic
- Gathers fluid leaked from blood vessel
- Disposes debris in the lymphatic
- Houses white blood cells
- Attacks foreign substances in the body
The Respiratory
- Stores blood supplied w/ oxygen
- Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
- Exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
The Digestive
- Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
The Urinary
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of food
The Reproductive
- Function is production of offspring
- Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
- Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
- Mammary glands of female breaths produce milk to nourish the newborn
Gross Anatomy
- Regional
- Directional
Regional Terms
- Axial region
- Appendicular region
Directional Terms
- Body in anatomical position
- terms of directions
Superior (cranial)
Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Anterior (ventral)
Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body pat or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external)
Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
Away from the body surface; more internal
Body Planes
- Coronal (frontal)
- Median (midagittal)
- Transverse
- Oblique
Coronal (frontal)
Vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Median (midagittal)
Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
Transverse
Runs horizontally and divides body into superior or inferior parts
Body Cavities
1) Dorsal
- Cranial
- Vertebral
2) Ventral
3) Thoracic & Abdominal: ❤️ and lungs
4) Abdominal Pelvic: digestive organs, kidneys, bladder and RP organs
5) Oral, Nasal, Orbital, Synovial and Middle Ear
What is the most common form of regulation in living organisms?
Negative
Negative F.B.
The response reduces the initial stimulus
Positive F.B.
The response increases the initial stimulus until action is done
