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PSYCH > Chapter 9: Motivation and Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Motivation and Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

What are the four theories that psychologists use to understand motivated behavior?

A
  1. instinct theory
  2. drive reduction theory
  3. arousal theory
  4. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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3
Q

What is an instinct?

A

complex behavior that is rigidly pattered throughout a species and is unlearned

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4
Q

What is the drive-reduction theory?

A

the idea that a physiological need (food, water) creates an aroused state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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5
Q

What does drive reduction help us do?

A

strive for homeostasis

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6
Q

What are incentives?

A

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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7
Q

What pushes and pulls us to do things?

A

physiological needs push us, while incentives pull us

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8
Q

What does uncertainty do to us?

A

we inertly are sensation seekers and the “unknown” arouses us and brings excitement

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9
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point (stress), beyond which performance decreases (overwhelming stress)

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10
Q

Do more difficult tasks require more or less arousal for best performance?

A

less arousal

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11
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs?

A

Maslow’s 5 levels of human needs, it starts with physiological needs that need to be satisfied first before other needs higher up in the pyramid

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12
Q

What does Maslow’s self-transcendence level mean?

A

we strive for meaning, purpose, and communication

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13
Q

Is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs universal?

A

no, there are people that achieve things higher in the pyramid while not having something lower in the pyramid (for example: Buddha starving himself to find peace and a purpose)

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14
Q

Do things lower on Maslow’s hierarchy take precedent over stuff that is higher?

A

yes, it does (for example: stopping at a sketchy diner because you are really hungry)

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15
Q

What is affiliation need?

A

the need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group

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16
Q

What is the self-determination theory?

A

the theory that we feel motivated to satisfy our needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

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17
Q

What is ostracism?

A

the deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

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18
Q

What is narcissism?

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

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19
Q

What is achievement motivation?

A

a desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard (essentially: the more we achieve, the more we many need to achieve)

20
Q

Is natural talent the only factor in high achievement?

A

nope, people who have high self-discipline and natural talent are the ones that achieve the most in life

21
Q

What is grit?

A

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals

22
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

23
Q

What can excessive reward do to intrinsic motivation?

A

it can destroy intrinsic motivation

24
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

25
Q

Is hunger only due to stomach contractions?

A

nope, when researchers removed rats’ stomach, they were still feeling hungry and eating, so the stomach wasn’t the only reason people and animals felt hungry

26
Q

What is a set point?

A

the “normal” weight that your body and brain are used to

27
Q

What are emotions a mix of?

A
  1. body arousal
  2. expressive behaviors
  3. conscious experience and feelings
28
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory?

A

the theory that our experience of emotion occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotion arousing stimulus

29
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers a physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

30
Q

What are the three most important aspects of self- motivation?

A

choice, competence, and community

31
Q

What was the marshmallow test?

A

children were given a marshmallow, and instructed to wait if they wanted two marshmallows later, rather than eating the one now

32
Q

What did the marshmallow experiment show?

A

that children able to resist temptation tended to do better later in life (with health and success)

33
Q

What is the difference between stress and distress?

A

perception of personal control

34
Q

What is the difference between activators and consequences?

A

activators direct and consequences motivate

35
Q

What type of consequences are naturally reinforcing?

A

intrinsic

36
Q

Can observers and coworkers improve or impair an individuals performance?

A

both

37
Q

Why can behavior be self directed and other directed?

A

you can behave due to your own intrinsic motivation and take responsibility for your actions, or you can behave according to other people and blame other people for shortcomings

38
Q

What type of intelligence was triggered when the kids delayed eating the marshmallow?

A

emotional intelligence

39
Q

What is the two factor theory?

A

that humans feel physical arousal when presented with a stimulus and then cognitive label that arousal based on the situation/environment we’re in

40
Q

What is self actualization in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

motivation, what drives us to become the best version of ourselves

41
Q

What determines an individuals equity ratio?

A

work input and work output

42
Q

What is catharsis beneficial for and problematic for?

A

beneficial for grief but problematic for anger

43
Q

What is work-releated stress caused by?

A

role ambiguity, interpersonal conflict, low “psychological safety”, and lack of interpersonal support

44
Q

What are the four levels of psychological safety?

A

feeling included, learning, contributing, and ability to change the status quo

45
Q

What is cognitive appraisal?

A

the way in which an individual responds to and interprets stressors in life

46
Q

What is general adaptation?

A

process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress

47
Q

What is subjective well-being?

A

how people experience and evaluate their lives

PSYCH (8 decks)

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