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Psychology Test 2 > Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation (definition)

A

Process by which activities are started, directed, and continued, in order to satisfy needs/desires

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2
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

An external reward of stuff, like money, grades, power, etc.

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3
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

An internal reward of intrinsic enjoyment (e.g., piano practice, coding, reading)

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4
Q

Combining intrinsic/extrinsic motivation

A

Causes more overall motivation, but lowers the intrinsic motivation

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5
Q

Instinct Theory of Motivation

A

Postulates that human behavior is governed by instinct

Fight/flight, curiosity, etc.

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6
Q

Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation

A

Postulates that physiological needs cause internal drive and create tension. Organism thus acts to satisfy the need and reduce the tension.

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7
Q

Primary Needs

A

Instinctual needs - Hungry, thirsty, etc.

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8
Q

Secondary needs

A

Non-instinctual needs
Highly individualized and developed over time
E.g., money, power, etc.

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9
Q

Types of secondary neesd

A

nAch (need for achievement) - Strong desire to attain goals
nAff (need for affiliation) - Strong desire to socially interact
nPow (need for power) - need lots of power

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10
Q

Homeostasis (arousal motivation)

A

All humans have a baseline level of arousal

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11
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Performance is related to motivational arousal

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12
Q

Levels of arousal

A

Optimal - moderate
Hard task - less arousal
Easy task - more arousal

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13
Q

Incentive Approach to Motivation

A

Behavior is explained as response to environment’s rewarding properties (incentives)

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14
Q

Expectancy-Value Theory

A

A person’s behavior cannot be predicted without understanding beliefs and values (i.e., what motivates them)
E.g., good grades, chocolate cake, etc. don’t motivate everyone

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15
Q

Maslow (type of psychologist)

A

Humanist

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16
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

On average, most needs strive to fulfill basic needs, then higher-up needs
E.g., food/water first, then clean and organized house

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17
Q

Transcendence (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

People find meaning in spirituality/something other than oneself

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18
Q

Victor Frankl

A 
Holocaust survivor
Kept a journal in concentration camp 
Held on to belief in higher purpose
Kept himself and those around him out of despair
Famous psychologist after
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19
Q

Self-actualization

A

Person who satisfies their “lower” needs and achieves their full human potential

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20
Q

Peak experience (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

Experience of transcendence/self-actualization (e.g., getting into “Flow”)

21
Q

Flow (Hierarchy of Needs)

A

Deep learning state when reading, practicing piano, coding, etc.
More frequently one is in Flow, closer to self-actualization

22
Q

Self-determination Theory of Motivation

A

Humans have three inborn needs that must be fulfilled for a complete sense of self to be self-actualized
Autonomy (need for control)
Competence (need for excellence in something)
Relatedness (any connection with humans/animals/nature, outside one’s self)

23
Q

Self-determination Theory and Erikson

A

Self-determination theory of motivation is like Erikson’s sixth stage

24
Q

Hunger

A

Caused by low glucose

Low glucose caused by high insulin from pancreas

25
Q

Organ that secretes insulin

A

Pancreas

26
Q

Triggers of hunger

A

Anticipation of eating
Lazy people
Social pressure
Leptin problems

27
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone that signals when one is full

28
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of brain that monitors levels of insulin, probably glucose, and definitely other stuff

29
Q

Leptin dysfunction

A

No leptin, so no fullness

30
Q

Genes and obesity

A

Supposedly have a role

Semi-rare gene variations make it nearly impossible to lose weight

31
Q

Causes of obesity

A

Leptin dysfunction
Middle-age (slowing BMR)
Culture (food-pushing)

32
Q

Hangriness science

A

Low blood sugar causes aggression/grumpiness
Hungrier males stab voodoo doll more than non-hungry males
Hungrier males/females play annoying sounds into opponent’s headphones more than non-hungry males/females

33
Q

Depression (social media)

A

Linked to social media

34
Q

Emotional driving

A

Dangerous
Angry/crying/agitated drivers more dangerous
Road rage 10x more dangerous

35
Q

Consciousness (3 elements)

A

Physiological arousal
Behavior
Inner awareness/labeling of feelings

36
Q

Physiological arousal

A

Strong emotion causes physiological reaction
E.g., anger and heart rate
Physiological arousal alone cannot identify emotion

37
Q

Display Rules

A

Cultural rules to control one’s behavior
Display rules inhibit ability to identify emotions based on outward behavior
E.g., boys don’t cry

38
Q

Inner awareness/labeling of feelings

A

Sometimes learned
Parents label young children’s feelings (tell child when it is grumpy because it is hungry, tired, etc.)
Older children can label their own feelings

39
Q

Emotions and brain hemispheres

A

Positive emotions associated with left hemisphere

Negative emotions associated with right hemisphere

40
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex and PFC (emotions)

A

Both involved in regulating emotions

Decreases amygdala activation decreases

41
Q

Amygdala

A

Associated with fight/flight/freeze learning

42
Q

Low road/High road

A

E.g., see a shark while swimming
Low road - bypass PFC and produce reflexive response
High road - go through PFC and produce conscious response

43
Q

Cognitive Arousal Theory

A

A stimulus leads to bodily arousal, but the arousal is attributed to an unrelated, environmental stimulus

E.g., wake up tired and drink coffee, which you don’t normally drink. Get anxiety from the traffic during commute. Attribute anxiety to traffic instead of also to caffeine

44
Q

Schacter and Singer

A

Studied Cognitive Arousal Theory

45
Q

Cognitive Mediational Theory

A

Alternative to Cognitive Arousal Theory

A stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) before it results in a physical and emotional response

46
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

Facial expressions provide feedback to brain about emotion being expressed, amplifying that emotion

47
Q

Anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex

A

Parts of the brain active during physical pain

48
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Tylenol

Psychology Test 2 (7 decks)

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