Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
Motivation (definition)
Process by which activities are started, directed, and continued, in order to satisfy needs/desires
Extrinsic motivation
An external reward of stuff, like money, grades, power, etc.
Intrinsic motivation
An internal reward of intrinsic enjoyment (e.g., piano practice, coding, reading)
Combining intrinsic/extrinsic motivation
Causes more overall motivation, but lowers the intrinsic motivation
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Postulates that human behavior is governed by instinct
Fight/flight, curiosity, etc.
Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation
Postulates that physiological needs cause internal drive and create tension. Organism thus acts to satisfy the need and reduce the tension.
Primary Needs
Instinctual needs - Hungry, thirsty, etc.
Secondary needs
Non-instinctual needs
Highly individualized and developed over time
E.g., money, power, etc.
Types of secondary neesd
nAch (need for achievement) - Strong desire to attain goals
nAff (need for affiliation) - Strong desire to socially interact
nPow (need for power) - need lots of power
Homeostasis (arousal motivation)
All humans have a baseline level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance is related to motivational arousal
Levels of arousal
Optimal - moderate
Hard task - less arousal
Easy task - more arousal
Incentive Approach to Motivation
Behavior is explained as response to environment’s rewarding properties (incentives)
Expectancy-Value Theory
A person’s behavior cannot be predicted without understanding beliefs and values (i.e., what motivates them)
E.g., good grades, chocolate cake, etc. don’t motivate everyone
Maslow (type of psychologist)
Humanist
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
On average, most needs strive to fulfill basic needs, then higher-up needs
E.g., food/water first, then clean and organized house
Transcendence (Hierarchy of Needs)
People find meaning in spirituality/something other than oneself
Victor Frankl
Holocaust survivor Kept a journal in concentration camp Held on to belief in higher purpose Kept himself and those around him out of despair Famous psychologist after
Self-actualization
Person who satisfies their “lower” needs and achieves their full human potential
Peak experience (Hierarchy of Needs)
Experience of transcendence/self-actualization (e.g., getting into “Flow”)
Flow (Hierarchy of Needs)
Deep learning state when reading, practicing piano, coding, etc.
More frequently one is in Flow, closer to self-actualization
Self-determination Theory of Motivation
Humans have three inborn needs that must be fulfilled for a complete sense of self to be self-actualized
Autonomy (need for control)
Competence (need for excellence in something)
Relatedness (any connection with humans/animals/nature, outside one’s self)
Self-determination Theory and Erikson
Self-determination theory of motivation is like Erikson’s sixth stage
Hunger
Caused by low glucose
Low glucose caused by high insulin from pancreas
Organ that secretes insulin
Pancreas
Triggers of hunger
Anticipation of eating
Lazy people
Social pressure
Leptin problems
Leptin
Hormone that signals when one is full
Hypothalamus
Part of brain that monitors levels of insulin, probably glucose, and definitely other stuff
Leptin dysfunction
No leptin, so no fullness
Genes and obesity
Supposedly have a role
Semi-rare gene variations make it nearly impossible to lose weight
Causes of obesity
Leptin dysfunction
Middle-age (slowing BMR)
Culture (food-pushing)
Hangriness science
Low blood sugar causes aggression/grumpiness
Hungrier males stab voodoo doll more than non-hungry males
Hungrier males/females play annoying sounds into opponent’s headphones more than non-hungry males/females
Depression (social media)
Linked to social media
Emotional driving
Dangerous
Angry/crying/agitated drivers more dangerous
Road rage 10x more dangerous
Consciousness (3 elements)
Physiological arousal
Behavior
Inner awareness/labeling of feelings
Physiological arousal
Strong emotion causes physiological reaction
E.g., anger and heart rate
Physiological arousal alone cannot identify emotion
Display Rules
Cultural rules to control one’s behavior
Display rules inhibit ability to identify emotions based on outward behavior
E.g., boys don’t cry
Inner awareness/labeling of feelings
Sometimes learned
Parents label young children’s feelings (tell child when it is grumpy because it is hungry, tired, etc.)
Older children can label their own feelings
Emotions and brain hemispheres
Positive emotions associated with left hemisphere
Negative emotions associated with right hemisphere
Anterior cingulate cortex and PFC (emotions)
Both involved in regulating emotions
Decreases amygdala activation decreases
Amygdala
Associated with fight/flight/freeze learning
Low road/High road
E.g., see a shark while swimming
Low road - bypass PFC and produce reflexive response
High road - go through PFC and produce conscious response
Cognitive Arousal Theory
A stimulus leads to bodily arousal, but the arousal is attributed to an unrelated, environmental stimulus
E.g., wake up tired and drink coffee, which you don’t normally drink. Get anxiety from the traffic during commute. Attribute anxiety to traffic instead of also to caffeine
Schacter and Singer
Studied Cognitive Arousal Theory
Cognitive Mediational Theory
Alternative to Cognitive Arousal Theory
A stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) before it results in a physical and emotional response
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions provide feedback to brain about emotion being expressed, amplifying that emotion
Anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex
Parts of the brain active during physical pain
Acetaminophen
Tylenol
