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Psychology Test 2 > Chapter 13 - Theories of Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Theories of Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Temperament

A

Enduring characteristics with which we are born

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2
Q

Types of temperaments

A

Easy
Hard
Slow to warm up

Same as baby temperaments

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3
Q

Character

A

Value judgements of moral and ethical behavior

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4
Q

Four Perspectives in Study of Personality

A

Psychodynamic (Freud)
Behaviorist
Humanistic
Trait

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5
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

Freud
Focused on role of unconscious’s effect on daily behavior
Believes subconscious controls most actions, personality traits, and behaviors

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6
Q

Behaviorist perspective

A

Skinner and Watson

Learn personality entirely from environment (no nature)

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7
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Middle ground between Psychodynamic and Behaviorist
Both are depressing because personality is determined solely by the uncontrollable
Explain personality development from individual choices

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8
Q

Trait perspective

A

Does not explain personality formation
Describe personality with adjectives (traits)
E.g., describe person as extrovert and use it to predict behavior

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9
Q

Conscious mind

A

Individual in current, working moment

Immediate

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10
Q

Preconscious mind

A

Anything accessible but not currently thought about (LTM memories)

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11
Q

Unconscious mind

A

“Black box” of brain

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12
Q

Freud’s 3 parts of the mind

A

Conscious mind
Preconscious mind
Unconscious mind

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13
Q

Freud’s 3 parts of personality

A

Id
Ego
Superego

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14
Q

Id

A

Born with this
Mostly present in babies
Individual does what it wants, when it wants (cries, poops, etc.)
Uses pleasure principle

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15
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Anything instinctual an id-creature does
“Just do it” and ignore consequences
Uses instinctual energy (libido)

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16
Q

Libido

A

Related to id

Instinctual energy

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17
Q

Ego

A

Develops from need to deal with reality

Starts “reality principle”

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18
Q

Reality principle

A

Related to ego
Develops around 2
Takes into account consequences of actions
E.g., child won’t steal from the cookie jar to avoid punishment

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19
Q

Superego

A

Starts “ego ideal” and “conscience”

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20
Q

Ego Ideal

A

Related to superego
?Develops standards
e.g., Child asks: “Will I get caught, and is it worth the cookie?”

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21
Q

Conscience

A

Related to superego

Makes one proud/guilty when doing the right/wrong thing

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22
Q

Freud’s Psycose**al Stages

A

5 of them; only 1-3 are useful

Each stage related to se**al/physical development of the child

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23
Q

Erogenous zone

A

Where child experiences conflict

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24
Q

Fixation

A

If erogenous zone conflict is not resolved, child remains fixated on this stage
(Similar to Erikson’s stages)

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25
Q

Stage 1 of Freud’s Stages

A

Oral stage

1st year of life - Id dominated

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26
Q

Erogenous zone (Stage 1)

A

Mouth

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27
Q

Primary conflict (Stage 1)

A

Weaning

Child hates it

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28
Q

Effect on personality (Stage 1)

A

Too much weaning - dependent, optimistic

Too little weaning - aggressive, pessimistic

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29
Q

Stage 2 of Freud’s Stages

A

Anal stage
1-3 years of age
Ego begins to develop

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30
Q

Erogenous zone (Stage 2)

A

Anus

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31
Q

Conflict (Stage 2)

A

Toilet training (where to toilet)

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32
Q

Effect on personality (Stage 2)

A

Too harshly toilet trained - anal expulsive personality

Too leniently toilet trained - anal retentive personality

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33
Q

Anal expulsive personality

A

Destructive, hostile, messy, rebellious

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34
Q

Anal retentive personality

A

Excessively neat, stingy, and stubborn

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35
Q

Stage 3 of Freud’s Stages

A

Phallic stage
3-6 years of age
Superego begins to develop

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36
Q

Erogenous zone (Stage 3)

A

Genitals

37
Q

Conflict (Stage 3)

A 
Oedipus complex (Societal norms)
Resolved by identification with same-gender parent
38
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Associated with Freud Stage 3 conflict

Se**al attraction to one of parents

39
Q

Effect on personality (Stage 3)

A

If unresolved, mommy’s boys and daddy’s girls

40
Q

3 competing Freudian theorists

A

Jung, Adler, Horney

41
Q

Jung

A

Developed theory of collective unconscious

Claims deja vu occurs from universally shared human memories

42
Q

Adler

A

Developed inferiority complex and birth order theory

43
Q

Inferiority complex

A

Developed by Adler

Failing Erikson’s stages makes one always need to prove themselves

44
Q

Birth order theory

A

Developed by Adler
Unscientific
Claims that personalities are different depending on order of birth in nuclear families

45
Q

Horney

A

Developed basic anxiety principle

All people must resolve conflict from “basic anxiety” at birth or become neurotic

46
Q

Cognitive Behaviorism

A

Personality defined as a set of learned responses or habits (developed by environment)

47
Q

Social Cognitive Learning Theory

A

Emphasis on observational learning/expectations

48
Q

Bandura’s Theory of Reciprocal Determinism

A

Environment, personal factors, and behavior interact to determine future personality

E.g., child who is extroverted becomes introverted after schoolmates (the environment) bully him for being extroverted

49
Q

Self-esteem

A

Overall confidence in oneself

50
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Confidence in one’s ability to do a task

51
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Emphasizes free will and self-development in personality formation
Freudian and Behavioral approaches are depressing because there is no free choice

52
Q

Carl Roger’s Theory of Personality

A

Humanistic
Argues that personality is mostly formed from self-concept given by others

?All humans born with tendency to self-actualize

53
Q

Self-concept

A

Individual’s understanding of themselves based on others’ input

E.g., kids will tend to become smart/stupid if they are told they are smart/stupid, respectively

54
Q

Real self

A

Carl Roger’s theory

How one perceives oneself

55
Q

Ideal self

A

Carl Roger’s theory
How one wishes they should be
Often defined by self-concept defined by others

56
Q

Mismatch between real and ideal selves

A

Causes neurotic behavior and anxiety

57
Q

Becoming a Fully Functioning Person

A

Carl Roger’s theory
Needs unconditional positive regard (unconditional love) to develop
Can get it in therapy if not gotten as a child

58
Q

Fully Functioning Person

A

“in touch with & trusting of deep, innermost desires & feelings, continually working toward actualization”

59
Q

Trait Theory of Personality

A

Describe characteristics of an individual to predict their behavior

60
Q

Gordon Allport

A

First to attempt Trait Theory
Asked his grad students to pick out dictionary words to describe people
Narrowed down to 200 words

61
Q

Cattell

A

Trait theorist

Developed 16 PF (Personality Factors)
Sparsely used
Proposed 8 continuums of 2 opposing traits

62
Q

Source Traits

A

Label

E.g., extrovert, introvert, openness

63
Q

Surface Traits

A

Description of behavior

E.g., describe the label of extrovert as happy, friendly, etc.

64
Q

The Big Five Model

A

Trait theory model inspired by Cattell
Spells OCEAN

  1. Openness
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
65
Q

Openness (Big 5)

A

High - Open to new things, independent, like variety

Low - Routine, practical

66
Q

Conscientiousness (Big 5)

A

High - Good roommate, organized

Low - Late, disorganized, careless

67
Q

Extraversion (Big 5)

A

Extrovert - Prefers center of attention

Introvert - Prefer solitude, dislike center of attention

68
Q

Agreeableness (Big 5)

A

High - Happy, trusting

Low - Difficult, uncooperative, hard to get along with, disagreeable (e.g., Uma Ramamurthy)

69
Q

Neuroticism (Big 5)

A

Neurotic - anxiety, insecurity, low self-esteem, victim complex
Emotional stability - Calm, secure, high self-esteem, capable

70
Q

Trait-situation interaction

A

Personality manifests itself slightly differently depending on the situation
E.g., disagreeable person will hide this during job interview

71
Q

Genetics and personality

A

Personality is largely genetically defined

E.g., identical twins share personalities, even if separated at birth and unaware of the other’s existence

72
Q

Gemm Twins

A

Famous identical twins that matched everything

73
Q

Individualism (cultural personality)

A

US

Capitalism, free will, individual rights

74
Q

Collectivism (cultural personality)

A

More socialist
Concern for group over self
Asian/Hispanic/Native American

75
Q

Power distance (cultural personality)

A

Degree to which peons accept lack of social mobility and powerlessness relative to elites

76
Q

Masculine/feminine (cultural personality)

A

Masculine/feminine depending on whether males/females are treated better

No cultures are feminine, but some are less masculine than others

77
Q

Uncertainty avoidance

A

High - Low in tolerance for different opinions (e.g., North Korea, Russia)
Low - High in tolerance (e.g., US)

78
Q

Structured Interview

A

Interview cannot deviate from assigned questions

79
Q

Unstructured interview

A

Interview can deviate from assigned questions and explore more topics

80
Q

Halo effect

A

Interview allows first impression of candidate to influence assessment

81
Q

Projective tests

A

Freudian
Person gives description of imaginary story based on ambiguous visual stimulus
Person’s thoughts measures personality
Not used frequently

82
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Type of projection test
Show 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations
Average individual’s thoughts of 20 different situations to determine their personality

83
Q

Rorschach

A

Just like TAT but with Stranger Things-looking diagrams

84
Q

Rorschach EC question:

A

Professor sees two wizards high-fiving

85
Q

Personality Inventory (PI)

A

Survey-like instruments wit statements of standardized resposne
E.g., OCEAN (Big 5), Myers-Briggs

86
Q

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

A 
Pseudoscience, unreliable
Sensing v. intuition
Thinking v. feeling
Extroversion v. introversion
Judging vs. perceiving
87
Q

Sensing v. intuition

A

Sensing - feel, hear, touch stuff; see the evidence

Intuition - use hunches, gut feeling, patterns, etc.

88
Q

Thinking v. feeling

A

Thinking - value the mind

Feeling - disvalue the mind

89
Q

Judging v. perceiving

A

Judging - decisive, action-loving

Perceiving - reads directions, needs more information, more flexible, annoying to eat with because they are indecisive

Psychology Test 2 (7 decks)

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