Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 1001 > Chapter 9 - Language and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Language and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognition?

A

mental processes such as perception, language, judgement, memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

the study of how people think

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are concepts?

A

groupings or categories (ex linguistic, images, ideas) informed by semantic memory
-different files in a filing cabinet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are prototypes?

A

the best representation of a concept
ex. if your first pet was a golden retriever, you’ll likely think of that breed when you hear “dog”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Natural Concept

A

created “naturally” through direct or indirect experience or knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Artificial Concept

A

have specific characteristics
ex. traits of geometric shapes, mathematical formulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Schema (pl. schemata)

A

mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts; a method of organizing information that allows the the brain to work more efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Role Schema

A

makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Event Schema (cognitive script)

A

set of behaviors that can feel like a routine or habitual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is language?

A

set of words or symbols used to communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some functions of language?

A

convey thoughts of one person to others (theory of mind), supports creative and progressive social interaction, facilitates thinking/problem solving/decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phonology

A

the study of how sounds are put together to form parts of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Semantics

A

the study of the meaning of words/phrases in a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Syntax

A

the system or grammatical rules used to combine words in particular orders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pragmatics

A

the addition of context to speech, practical aspects (timing, emphasis, body language)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phonemes

A

sounds of a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest unit of meaning in a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lexical Meaning

A

dictionary definiton, can change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metaphorical Meaning

A

context in which a word is used can alter its meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Non-verbal Communication

A

changes in body language can change the connotation of speech; similar to but not the same as gesturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Language Production

A

generate/express ideas through words or gestures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Language Comprehension

A

the ability to understand spoken/written/signed language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Generativity

A

speakers of a language can create sentences to describe ideas they have never been exposed to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nurture (Language Theories)

A

the theory that language is learned via operant conditioning
-doesn’t explain sentences that wouldn’t be reinforced (i hate you), why language learning ability diminishes after childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Nature (Language Theories)

A

the theory that the ease of which children learn language suggests that we are genetically programmed to learn a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A

the innate universal ability to develop a language
explains: universal errors made by children, phoneme differentiation, ease of learning a language as a child, the generative nature of speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nature and Nurture (Interactionist Perspective)

A

states that both theories are important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Child-directed Speech

A

simple, high pitched, slow, emotional, speech used by adults when speaking to children; may help babies learn words by keeping them interested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mental Imagery

A

internal visual representations of stored visual memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Linguistic Relativism

A

language and its structures influence and limit thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

argues that language determines thought
“the more words we have available to us relating to an object or concept, the more detailed and complex our thoughts about them can be”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Problem Solving Strategy

A

a plan of action used to find a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Insight

A

sudden realization of a solution to a novel problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Trial and Error

A

Haphazard approach of systemic reasoning; not efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Algorithms

A

Exhaustive step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution; time consuming; used by computers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Heuristics

A

shortcut thinking strategy/”rule of thumb”; does not guarantee a correct answer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Working Backwards (heuristic)

A

start with a solution and work backwards through the problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Forming Subgoals (heuristic)

A

current position is compared with the desired goal and a series of steps are formulated to close the gap; divide a larger problem into smaller ones and accomplish a series of sub-goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Analogy (heuristic)

A

apply a solution used for a past problem to a current problem that shares similar features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mental Set

A

the tendency to approach a new problem with thinking strategies that worked in the past

41
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

failure to use familiar objects in novel ways; only seeing an object with its original purpose

42
Q

Anchoring Bias

A

focusing on one piece of information

43
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Searching for information that confirms our expectations/disregarding info that does not

44
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

afterwards, feeling as if the outcome was predictable

45
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

judging what category a thing or person belongs to based on how they represent/match our concept of that category; stereotyping

46
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

47
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

drawing broad conclusions from specific observations

48
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

using broad conclusions to see if specific observations can be made

49
Q

What is Intelligence?

A

The ability to learn and solve problems to meet the demands of the environment effectively; whatever attributes enable success in an environment/culture

50
Q

S Factor (Spearman’s Theory)

A

specific factor tied to a specific area of functioning

51
Q

G Factor (Spearman’s Theory)

A

general factor relating to all clusters

52
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

acquisition and retrieval of knowledge (Cattell’s theory)

53
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems (Cattell’s theory)

54
Q

Practical Intelligence (Sternberg’s Triarchic theory)

A

street smarts, past experiences, helps adapt to new environments, separate from traditional IQ

55
Q

Analytical Intelligence (Sternberg’s Triarchic theory)

A

most related to mental abilities tested in IQ tests, ability to mentally manage info, analyze/evaluate/judge/compare/compare

56
Q

Creative Intelligence (Sternberg’s Triarchic theory)

A

intuitive/imaginative problem solving strategies, producing art

57
Q

Howard Gardner’s Theory

A

multiple intelligences theory; no single type of intelligence but many from different parts of the brain

58
Q

Gardner’s 8 Types of Intelligence

A

Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Musical, Spatial, Bodily-kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalistic

59
Q

What is Emotional Intelligence?

A

the ability to perceive, express, assimilate, and regulate emotion; possess empathy and emotional control

60
Q

4 Components of Emotional Intelligence

A

Perceiving, Understanding, Managing, and Using emotions

61
Q

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

A

one of the most comprehensive theories; abilities are related and arranged in a hierarchy with general abilities at the top, broad abilities in the middle, and narrow (specific) abilities at the bottom

62
Q

Cultural Intelligence

A

definition of intelligence varies; the expression of intelligence is tied to the survival needs of a culture

63
Q

Creativity

A

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas; intelligence may be necessary but is not sufficient for creativity

64
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

driven by interest, satisfaction, or challenge

65
Q

Imagination

A

an ability and willingness to examine a problem in new ways

66
Q

Game Personality

A

tolerance of risk, ambiguity, or initial failure

67
Q

Creative Environment

A

encouraging innovation, is free from criticism, creative role models, sufficient resources

68
Q

Francis Galton (1822-1211)

A

thought intelligence was inherited, coined the term “nature vs nurture,” started the eugenics movement

69
Q

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon believed that…

A

intelligence is the ability to demonstrate memory, judgement, reasoning, and social comprehension; appreciated that low intelligence could reflect poor environments not low potential

70
Q

How is IQ calculated

A

mental age divided by chronological age times 100
-score of 100 is average for your age

71
Q

Standardization

A

administration, scoring, and interpretation is consistent

72
Q

Norming

A

testing a large population so scores can be compared across groups

73
Q

What did David Wechsler do?

A

recognized two problems with Stanford-Binet approach: 1. distinction between mental & chronological age becomes less informative when testing adults 2. need for greater fairness when testing people who dont speak english

74
Q

What is the WAIS?

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, developed in 1939 by David Wechsler; includes verbal & non verbal components; overall score (IQ) based on four scales: verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning, processing speed

75
Q

Flynn effect

A

the rise in the average IQ scores over time throughout the world

76
Q

The Bell Curve

A

graphed IQ scores create a bell curve called normal distribution

77
Q

Representative sample

A

a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

78
Q

Standard Deviation

A

how data are dispersed

79
Q

Mean/Median/Mode

A

measures of central tendency; average/middle/most often respectively

80
Q

Intellectual Disability (IQ Level)

A

IQ below 70

81
Q

Gifted (IQ Level)

A

IQ above 130

82
Q

Down Syndrome (trisomy 21)

A

3 21st chromosomes; fewer than 1 in 1000 live births; rate increases when mother is over 35yro

83
Q

Intellectual Disability (Measures of Intelligence)

A

general intellectual functioning below normal; poor adaptive behaviour; difficulty with learning, attention, short term memory, planning

84
Q

Gifted (Measures of Intelligence)

A

natural ability/talent/intelligence; in top 1-2% and usually evident at a young age; may have deficits in social and emotional intelligence

85
Q

Twin Studies

A

Higher correlation between identical twins IQ than fraternal twins

86
Q

Adoption Studies

A

IQ of adopted child is more similar to biological parents than adopted parents

87
Q

Heritability

A

the overall extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes

88
Q

Heritability Coefficient

A

a correlation coefficient is used to indicate the contribution of heredity to some characteristic; ranges from 0.00 to +1.00; heritability coefficient for intelligence is 0.50

89
Q

Range of Reaction

A

people respond to the environment in different/unique ways depending on their genetic makeup

90
Q

Item Bias

A

some test items are culturally biased

91
Q

Stereotype or Vulnerability Threat

A

some evidence suggests that expectation of performance based based on a perceived stereotype can influence test scores

92
Q

Aphasia

A

impaired use of language; different types depending on the area damaged

93
Q

Broca’s Area

A

located in the frontal lobe; important for speech production

94
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

deficiencies in speech production; difficulty forming words; inability to speak with proper grammar (agrammatism); words remain in tact (syntax issue); results from damage to Broca’s area in left frontal lobe (near motor cortex)

95
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

located in the temporal lobe; important for language comprehension

96
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

profound deficits in language comprehension and generating meaningful speech; semantic issues (not syntax); can produce fluent speech but tends to be meaningless; results from damage to Wernicke’s area in left temporal lobe (near auditory cortex)

97
Q

Amygdala

A

helps regulate emotions

98
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

understanding figurative speech; damage results in literal interpretations

PSYCH 1001 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions