Chapter 14 - Psychological Disorders

Question 1

psychological disorder

Answer 1

a condition of abnormal ABCs (affect, behaviour, cognition

Question 2

abnormal psych or psychopathology

Answer 2

scientific study of psychological disorders

Question 3

4 Ds of psychological disorders

Answer 3

deviance: thoughts/emotions differ from societal expectations
distress: thoughts/emotions cause significant distress or unhappiness
dysfunction: interfere with daily functioning
danger: some disorders may lead to self injury or hostility towards others

Question 4

diathesis-stress model

Answer 4

disorders likely arise from the interaction of internal genetic predispositions (diathesis) and external stressful events (trigger); diathesis is not always genetic and could be psychological

Question 5

ADHD (neurodevelopmental)

Answer 5

inattentive impulsive behaviour that interferes with normal functioning; lack of attention, forgetfulness, trouble organizing and following instructions; genes play a large role; less dopamine activation in frontal lobes

Question 6

Autism (neurodevelopmental)

Answer 6

inability to form close emotional ties, repetitive behaviours, speech/lang deficits, fixated habits or interests; spectrum

Question 7

Schizophrenia

Answer 7

1 in 100 people; “split mind,” split from reality (psychosis); delusions, hallucinations, psychomotor symptoms

Question 8

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 8

excess of behaviours: delusions, disorganized talking and thinking, hallucinations; feelings of grandeur

Question 9

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 9

deficits in behaviour: alogia (poverty of speech), flat affect (monotone); avolition (no energy), asociality (poor social skills), anhedonia (lack of interest)

Question 10

Schizophrenia involves the dysregulation or imbalance of ____

Answer 10

dopamine
hyperactive: pos symptoms hypoactive: neg symptoms

Question 11

Major Depressive Disorder

Answer 11

depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not caused by drugs or a medical condition; diagnosis must have 5/9 symptoms for min of 2 weeks and must have depressed mood most of day and lack of interest

Question 12

MDD subtypes

Answer 12

SAD, postpartum, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Question 13

Bipolar disorder

Answer 13

periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression; less common than MDD but more dysfunctional; similar symptoms to adhd with delusions/hallucinations in severe cases

Question 14

Main feature of anxiety disorders

Answer 14

disabling levels of fear or anxiety that are frequent, severe, persistent, or easily triggered; most common mental disorder

Question 15

types of anxiety disorders

Answer 15

phobias, social anxiety, panic, generalized

Question 16

Specific phobias

Answer 16

classical conditioning, modeling of fearful behaviour, verbal transmission

Question 17

Social Anxiety Disorder

Answer 17

severe, persistent fear of negative evaluation in social situations; narrow or broad; can engage in avoidance behaviours

Question 18

Panic Disorder

Answer 18

unexpected repeated panic attacks; can be misinterpreted as a medical emergency; often accompanied by agoraphobia

Question 19

Panic attacks

Answer 19

periodic sudden bouts of panic or terror in the absence of any real threat

Question 20

in panic attacks, a malfunction in the ____ and ____ leads to increased release of norepinephrine

Answer 20

amygdala; locus coeruleus

Question 21

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 21

excessive, persistent, and often meaningless worry with at least 3 of the following in the past 6mos: restlessness, edginess, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, sleep problems

Question 22

GAD is caused by a malfunctioning ____ system

Answer 22

GABA

Question 23

Obsessive-Compulsive related disorders are…

Answer 23

disruptive to one’s daily life; involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviours; includes OCD, body dysmorphia, and hoarding

Question 24

Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

Answer 24

has two parts
obsessions: persistent unwanted thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images ex. germs, exactness
compulsions: repetitive behaviours or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety ex. excessive washing, repeating rituals

Question 25

Body dysmorphia

Answer 25

preoccupied with real or perceived flaw in physical appearance; repetitive behaviours like mirror checking, hiding the body part

Question 26

Hoarding disorder

Answer 26

distress when parting with possessions resulting in excessive accumulation; clutter can be dangerous to them or others

Question 27

the brain region responsible for decision making is the ____

Answer 27

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 28

Post traumatic stress disorder

Answer 28

fear and arousal related symptoms tied to a traumatic event; symptoms lasting atleast a month and including intrusion, avoidance, negative mood, irritability, hypervigilance

Question 29

Complex PTSD

Answer 29

prolonged repeated trauma ex. abuse or childhood neglect

Question 30

Dissociative disorders

Answer 30

split from the self; major disruptions in memory or consciousness; lacks physical cause with major psychological component

Question 31

Dissociative Amnesia

Answer 31

partial or total forgetting of an experience ; can last hours or years; damage in area of the brain responsible for autobiographical memories; memories tend to return without treatment

Question 32

Depersonalization/derealization

Answer 32

feeling robotic, not themselves, limbs may appear non proportional to the body; person feels detached; memory is unaffected; usually triggered by stress

Question 33

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Answer 33

two or more distinct personalities, each having a unique set of memories/behaviours/thoughts/emotions; history of childhood trauma

Question 34

Personality disorders

Answer 34

rigid, inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour; 3 clusters A. odd/eccentric, B. dramatic/erratic C. anxious/fearful

Question 35

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 35

great instability, major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, impulsivity; prone to bouts of anger resulting in physical aggression; dichotomous thinking (black and white); childhood abuse

Question 36

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 36

sever lack of empathy; display patterns of misbehaviour before age 15; imulsive, interpersonal problems, touble holding a job; closely linked with criminal behaviour; fail to show fear response