Chapter 14 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
psychological disorder
a condition of abnormal ABCs (affect, behaviour, cognition
abnormal psych or psychopathology
scientific study of psychological disorders
4 Ds of psychological disorders
deviance: thoughts/emotions differ from societal expectations
distress: thoughts/emotions cause significant distress or unhappiness
dysfunction: interfere with daily functioning
danger: some disorders may lead to self injury or hostility towards others
diathesis-stress model
disorders likely arise from the interaction of internal genetic predispositions (diathesis) and external stressful events (trigger); diathesis is not always genetic and could be psychological
ADHD (neurodevelopmental)
inattentive impulsive behaviour that interferes with normal functioning; lack of attention, forgetfulness, trouble organizing and following instructions; genes play a large role; less dopamine activation in frontal lobes
Autism (neurodevelopmental)
inability to form close emotional ties, repetitive behaviours, speech/lang deficits, fixated habits or interests; spectrum
Schizophrenia
1 in 100 people; “split mind,” split from reality (psychosis); delusions, hallucinations, psychomotor symptoms
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
excess of behaviours: delusions, disorganized talking and thinking, hallucinations; feelings of grandeur
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
deficits in behaviour: alogia (poverty of speech), flat affect (monotone); avolition (no energy), asociality (poor social skills), anhedonia (lack of interest)
Schizophrenia involves the dysregulation or imbalance of ____
dopamine
hyperactive: pos symptoms hypoactive: neg symptoms
Major Depressive Disorder
depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not caused by drugs or a medical condition; diagnosis must have 5/9 symptoms for min of 2 weeks and must have depressed mood most of day and lack of interest
MDD subtypes
SAD, postpartum, persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
Bipolar disorder
periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression; less common than MDD but more dysfunctional; similar symptoms to adhd with delusions/hallucinations in severe cases
Main feature of anxiety disorders
disabling levels of fear or anxiety that are frequent, severe, persistent, or easily triggered; most common mental disorder
types of anxiety disorders
phobias, social anxiety, panic, generalized
Specific phobias
classical conditioning, modeling of fearful behaviour, verbal transmission
Social Anxiety Disorder
severe, persistent fear of negative evaluation in social situations; narrow or broad; can engage in avoidance behaviours
Panic Disorder
unexpected repeated panic attacks; can be misinterpreted as a medical emergency; often accompanied by agoraphobia
Panic attacks
periodic sudden bouts of panic or terror in the absence of any real threat
in panic attacks, a malfunction in the ____ and ____ leads to increased release of norepinephrine
amygdala; locus coeruleus
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
excessive, persistent, and often meaningless worry with at least 3 of the following in the past 6mos: restlessness, edginess, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, sleep problems
GAD is caused by a malfunctioning ____ system
GABA
Obsessive-Compulsive related disorders are…
disruptive to one’s daily life; involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviours; includes OCD, body dysmorphia, and hoarding
Obsessive-Compulsive disorder
has two parts
obsessions: persistent unwanted thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images ex. germs, exactness
compulsions: repetitive behaviours or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety ex. excessive washing, repeating rituals
Body dysmorphia
preoccupied with real or perceived flaw in physical appearance; repetitive behaviours like mirror checking, hiding the body part
Hoarding disorder
distress when parting with possessions resulting in excessive accumulation; clutter can be dangerous to them or others
the brain region responsible for decision making is the ____
orbitofrontal cortex
Post traumatic stress disorder
fear and arousal related symptoms tied to a traumatic event; symptoms lasting atleast a month and including intrusion, avoidance, negative mood, irritability, hypervigilance
Complex PTSD
prolonged repeated trauma ex. abuse or childhood neglect
Dissociative disorders
split from the self; major disruptions in memory or consciousness; lacks physical cause with major psychological component
Dissociative Amnesia
partial or total forgetting of an experience ; can last hours or years; damage in area of the brain responsible for autobiographical memories; memories tend to return without treatment
Depersonalization/derealization
feeling robotic, not themselves, limbs may appear non proportional to the body; person feels detached; memory is unaffected; usually triggered by stress
Dissociative Identity Disorder
two or more distinct personalities, each having a unique set of memories/behaviours/thoughts/emotions; history of childhood trauma
Personality disorders
rigid, inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behaviour; 3 clusters A. odd/eccentric, B. dramatic/erratic C. anxious/fearful
Borderline Personality Disorder
great instability, major shifts in mood, unstable self-image, impulsivity; prone to bouts of anger resulting in physical aggression; dichotomous thinking (black and white); childhood abuse
Antisocial Personality Disorder
sever lack of empathy; display patterns of misbehaviour before age 15; imulsive, interpersonal problems, touble holding a job; closely linked with criminal behaviour; fail to show fear response
