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PSYCH 1001 > Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Motivation?

A

an internal state or condition that energizes and directs behavior; goal directed, varies in strength and duration

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2
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

arises from internal factors; personal satisfactions; just bc you want to!

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3
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

arises from external factors; outside of self; receive smth from others

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4
Q

Instinct Theory

A

theory that behaviors originate from a set of behavioral blueprints or instincts
BUT instincts cannot account for behavior that contradicts survival

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5
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

theory that we are pushed or driven by biological needs creating a motivational state; pulled by our environment/external stimuli
BUT we engage in many behaviors that disrupt equilibrium

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

a general tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of balance or equilibrium

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7
Q

Arousal Theory

A

the theory that motivation comes from a need to achieve an appropriate level of arousal; Instinct theory and Drive-Reduction theory cannot account for why sometimes we seek arousal

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8
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

ideal performance on a task occurs when the arousal level is optimized by the difficulty of the task

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9
Q

Self-Efficiency

A

one’s belief in their ability to succeed

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10
Q

Social Motives include…

A

needs for achievement (performance), affiliation (+ interactions with others), and intimacy (meaningful relationships

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11
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

humans have multiple competing needs; vary in priority; lower needs must be met before higher ones

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12
Q

Psychological Needs (Maslow)

A

physical survival (food/water)

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13
Q

Safety Needs (Maslow)

A

to feel safe and secure (shelter)

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14
Q

Love and Belonging Needs (Maslow)

A

to have close relationships with others

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15
Q

Esteem Needs (Maslow)

A

to feel good about oneself

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16
Q

Self-actualization Needs (Maslow)

A

to become all that one can

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17
Q

Incentive Theory

A

emphasizes the pull of external stimuli; “cherry on top”; money/grades/etc, can be different for everyone; explains “wants” and “likes”

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18
Q

Intrinsically Motivating

A

engaging in a behavior simply for the satisfaction that is part of doing it

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19
Q

Extrinsically Motivating

A

engaging in a behavior due to the influence of factors outside of ourselves

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20
Q

Incentives

A

external motives that indirectly indicate reward (ex. money, grades, praise, recognition)

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21
Q

Primary Incentives

A

rewards (food) or punishments (pain) that are innate; there is an adaptive or evolutionary component to promote survival

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22
Q

Secondary Incentives

A

cues that are viewed as rewarding as a result of learning about their association with other events
ex. working to earn money: money is not rewarding but what money can buy is

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23
Q

Incentive Salience

A

how noticeable or important a particular incentive is to us (is dynamic/can change)

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24
Q

Affiliation

A

need to form attachments to other people for support/guidance/protection

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25
Q

Satiation

A

the feeling of fullness or satisfaction after eating

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26
Q

What is Leptin?

A

satiation hormone released by fat cells (adipose cells) in response to increased body-fat mass

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27
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

responds to hunger signals (ex. ghrelin) and promotes eating when stimulated

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28
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

responds to satiety signals (ex. glucose, leptin) and inhibits eating

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29
Q

Dual-Centre Theory (motivaton)

A

activity in one area serves to inhibit the area that serves the opposite function
ex. LH is activated by hunger signals, as meal progresses satiety signals activate VMH which inhibits the LH

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30
Q

Ghrelin

A

the hunger hormone; released when stomach is empty or when blood sugar is low; travels via blood to brain

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31
Q

Vagal Nerve

A

carries info between brain and GI tract

32
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

the amount of energy used in a period

33
Q

Set-Point Theory

A

people tend to maintain a fairly stable body weight; can make sustained weight loss difficult; potentially genetically determined

34
Q

Obesity

A

a condition of extreme over-weight (BMI over 30); overweight is BMI over 25

35
Q

Health Risks associated with Obesity

A

mortality (reduced life-span); type II diabetes; heart disease; stroke; so many more

36
Q

Psychological Risks associated with Obesity

A

increased risk for mood disorders (depression/anxiety)

37
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

binging followed by purging; may be accompanied by depressed/OCD/self injury

38
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

binging; feelings of distress, guilt, embarrassment

39
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

preoccupied with being or becoming fat; distorted body image; dangerous and extreme weight loss

40
Q

Negative Health Outcomes related to Eating Disorders

A

low bone density, organ failure, low iron (amenorrhea), mood disorders, substance use, death

41
Q

Some Treatments for Eating Disorders

A

Hospitalization; CBT; family therapy

42
Q

Biological Sexual Behavior

A

highly adaptive; continuation of species depends on it

43
Q

Psychological Sexual Behavior

A

pleasurable and rewarding

44
Q

Who was Alfred Kinsey?

A

sexologist with controversial research; created the Kinsey scale (measurement of sexuality)

45
Q

What did Masters and Johnson do?

A

recorded the first psyiological data in about 1000 humans during sex; described 4 stages of human sexual response

46
Q

Excitement (stages of human sexual response)

A

beginning of arousal, increased heart rate

47
Q

Plateau (stages of human sexual response)

A

breathing and pulse increase, muscles tense

48
Q

Orgasm (stages of human sexual response)

A

muscle tension and blood pressure peak, followed by climax/orgasm

49
Q

Resolution (stages of human sexual response)

A

muscles and heart rate relax, men have refractory period, women may have additional orgasms

50
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

parietal and frontal lobes; watching someone engage in a specific activity activates areas of the brain the same way as when we actually engage in the activity

51
Q

Excitement Phase

A

activation of hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area

52
Q

Orgasm Phase

A

activation of the cerebellum and ventral tegmental area

53
Q

What is Emotion?

A

a subjective state that occurs in response to an internal or external event; has 3 components

54
Q

Physiological (components of emotion)

A

changes in bodily arousal, increased heart rate and body temp, respiration; all emotions activate autonomic nervous system

55
Q

Cognitive (components of emotion)

A

appraisal and interpretation of ones feelings and surroundings; evaluate thoughts about emotional experiences and the appraisal of the event producing the emotion

56
Q

Behavioral (components of emotion)

A

verbal/non-verbal expression of emotion (smiling, frowning, laughing, etc)

57
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

responsible for regulating bodily functions and the activity of specific organs/glands/muscles

58
Q

Alexithymia

A

difficulties with remembering emotion-related words; emotion centers in the brain are less active (prefrontal cortex, amygdala)

59
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A

no emotion unless driven by a physiological component via the vasomotor center; cognitive component (awareness of emotions) follows the (automatic) physiological arousal and behavioral response
basically: to experience and emotion you have to be able to perceive the bodily arousal

60
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A

proposes that the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the SNS occur simultaneously but independently; when we perceive and emotionally stirring event, the thalamus relays info to the SNS and to the cognitive (thoughts/decisions) part of the brain

61
Q

Facial Feedback Theory

A

proposes that subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity (facial efference)

62
Q

Schachter and Singer’s Two Factor Theory

A

emotion involves arousal (non specific) and a cognitive label; physiology alone was too subtle for specific emotions; cognition determines the feeling (provides context) and physiology provides necessary arousal

63
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

emotions are innate and each serve a particular survival function; displayed in children (not imitated or learned)

64
Q

Limbic System

A

emotion and memory; hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

65
Q

The hypothalamus activates…

A

the SNS

66
Q

The thalamus is..

A

the sensory relay station (except olfactory)

67
Q

Hippocampus

A

emotional processing

68
Q

Amygdala

A

fear and anxiety

69
Q

Who found the 7 fundamental emotions?

A

Paul Ekman; anger, sadness, happiness, surprise, fear, contempt, disgust

70
Q

Behavioral Displays (measuring emotions/detecting lies)

A

typically involve obvious acts or facial expressions (fighting, fear, sexual advances); emotions can be manipulated by films (mirror neurons)

71
Q

Self Ratings (measuring emotions/detecting lies)

A

low validity but widely used; doesn’t work well with children

72
Q

Psychophysiological Reactions (measuring emotions/detecting lies)

A

several approaches all assuming that there are distinct physiological profiles for different emotions; Face Electromyography (EMG), heart rate, Skin Conductance (galvanic sweat response), startle reflex, polygraphs, fMRI

73
Q

Cognitive Function of Emotion

A

organizes and retrieves memories; guide judgements to help us make decisions

74
Q

Behavioral Function of Emotion

A

emotions alter and organize behavior (gravitate towards positive, avoid negative)

75
Q

Action Tendencies

A

predictable patterns of behavior associated with emotions which help us respond to social/physical environment

76
Q

Social Function of Emotion

A

important for interpersonal relationships; help and inhibit relationships

PSYCH 1001 (6 decks)

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