Chapter 10 - Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
What is Motivation?
an internal state or condition that energizes and directs behavior; goal directed, varies in strength and duration
Intrinsic Motivation
arises from internal factors; personal satisfactions; just bc you want to!
Extrinsic Motivation
arises from external factors; outside of self; receive smth from others
Instinct Theory
theory that behaviors originate from a set of behavioral blueprints or instincts
BUT instincts cannot account for behavior that contradicts survival
Drive-Reduction Theory
theory that we are pushed or driven by biological needs creating a motivational state; pulled by our environment/external stimuli
BUT we engage in many behaviors that disrupt equilibrium
Homeostasis
a general tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of balance or equilibrium
Arousal Theory
the theory that motivation comes from a need to achieve an appropriate level of arousal; Instinct theory and Drive-Reduction theory cannot account for why sometimes we seek arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
ideal performance on a task occurs when the arousal level is optimized by the difficulty of the task
Self-Efficiency
one’s belief in their ability to succeed
Social Motives include…
needs for achievement (performance), affiliation (+ interactions with others), and intimacy (meaningful relationships
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
humans have multiple competing needs; vary in priority; lower needs must be met before higher ones
Psychological Needs (Maslow)
physical survival (food/water)
Safety Needs (Maslow)
to feel safe and secure (shelter)
Love and Belonging Needs (Maslow)
to have close relationships with others
Esteem Needs (Maslow)
to feel good about oneself
Self-actualization Needs (Maslow)
to become all that one can
Incentive Theory
emphasizes the pull of external stimuli; “cherry on top”; money/grades/etc, can be different for everyone; explains “wants” and “likes”
Intrinsically Motivating
engaging in a behavior simply for the satisfaction that is part of doing it
Extrinsically Motivating
engaging in a behavior due to the influence of factors outside of ourselves
Incentives
external motives that indirectly indicate reward (ex. money, grades, praise, recognition)
Primary Incentives
rewards (food) or punishments (pain) that are innate; there is an adaptive or evolutionary component to promote survival
Secondary Incentives
cues that are viewed as rewarding as a result of learning about their association with other events
ex. working to earn money: money is not rewarding but what money can buy is
Incentive Salience
how noticeable or important a particular incentive is to us (is dynamic/can change)
Affiliation
need to form attachments to other people for support/guidance/protection
Satiation
the feeling of fullness or satisfaction after eating
What is Leptin?
satiation hormone released by fat cells (adipose cells) in response to increased body-fat mass
Lateral Hypothalamus
responds to hunger signals (ex. ghrelin) and promotes eating when stimulated
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
responds to satiety signals (ex. glucose, leptin) and inhibits eating
Dual-Centre Theory (motivaton)
activity in one area serves to inhibit the area that serves the opposite function
ex. LH is activated by hunger signals, as meal progresses satiety signals activate VMH which inhibits the LH
Ghrelin
the hunger hormone; released when stomach is empty or when blood sugar is low; travels via blood to brain
Vagal Nerve
carries info between brain and GI tract
Metabolic Rate
the amount of energy used in a period
Set-Point Theory
people tend to maintain a fairly stable body weight; can make sustained weight loss difficult; potentially genetically determined
Obesity
a condition of extreme over-weight (BMI over 30); overweight is BMI over 25
Health Risks associated with Obesity
mortality (reduced life-span); type II diabetes; heart disease; stroke; so many more
Psychological Risks associated with Obesity
increased risk for mood disorders (depression/anxiety)
Bulimia Nervosa
binging followed by purging; may be accompanied by depressed/OCD/self injury
Binge Eating Disorder
binging; feelings of distress, guilt, embarrassment
Anorexia Nervosa
preoccupied with being or becoming fat; distorted body image; dangerous and extreme weight loss
Negative Health Outcomes related to Eating Disorders
low bone density, organ failure, low iron (amenorrhea), mood disorders, substance use, death
Some Treatments for Eating Disorders
Hospitalization; CBT; family therapy
Biological Sexual Behavior
highly adaptive; continuation of species depends on it
Psychological Sexual Behavior
pleasurable and rewarding
Who was Alfred Kinsey?
sexologist with controversial research; created the Kinsey scale (measurement of sexuality)
What did Masters and Johnson do?
recorded the first psyiological data in about 1000 humans during sex; described 4 stages of human sexual response
Excitement (stages of human sexual response)
beginning of arousal, increased heart rate
Plateau (stages of human sexual response)
breathing and pulse increase, muscles tense
Orgasm (stages of human sexual response)
muscle tension and blood pressure peak, followed by climax/orgasm
Resolution (stages of human sexual response)
muscles and heart rate relax, men have refractory period, women may have additional orgasms
Mirror Neurons
parietal and frontal lobes; watching someone engage in a specific activity activates areas of the brain the same way as when we actually engage in the activity
Excitement Phase
activation of hypothalamus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area
Orgasm Phase
activation of the cerebellum and ventral tegmental area
What is Emotion?
a subjective state that occurs in response to an internal or external event; has 3 components
Physiological (components of emotion)
changes in bodily arousal, increased heart rate and body temp, respiration; all emotions activate autonomic nervous system
Cognitive (components of emotion)
appraisal and interpretation of ones feelings and surroundings; evaluate thoughts about emotional experiences and the appraisal of the event producing the emotion
Behavioral (components of emotion)
verbal/non-verbal expression of emotion (smiling, frowning, laughing, etc)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
responsible for regulating bodily functions and the activity of specific organs/glands/muscles
Alexithymia
difficulties with remembering emotion-related words; emotion centers in the brain are less active (prefrontal cortex, amygdala)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
no emotion unless driven by a physiological component via the vasomotor center; cognitive component (awareness of emotions) follows the (automatic) physiological arousal and behavioral response
basically: to experience and emotion you have to be able to perceive the bodily arousal
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
proposes that the subjective experience of emotion and the activation of the SNS occur simultaneously but independently; when we perceive and emotionally stirring event, the thalamus relays info to the SNS and to the cognitive (thoughts/decisions) part of the brain
Facial Feedback Theory
proposes that subjective experiences of emotion are influenced by sensory feedback from facial muscular activity (facial efference)
Schachter and Singer’s Two Factor Theory
emotion involves arousal (non specific) and a cognitive label; physiology alone was too subtle for specific emotions; cognition determines the feeling (provides context) and physiology provides necessary arousal
Evolutionary Theory
emotions are innate and each serve a particular survival function; displayed in children (not imitated or learned)
Limbic System
emotion and memory; hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala
The hypothalamus activates…
the SNS
The thalamus is..
the sensory relay station (except olfactory)
Hippocampus
emotional processing
Amygdala
fear and anxiety
Who found the 7 fundamental emotions?
Paul Ekman; anger, sadness, happiness, surprise, fear, contempt, disgust
Behavioral Displays (measuring emotions/detecting lies)
typically involve obvious acts or facial expressions (fighting, fear, sexual advances); emotions can be manipulated by films (mirror neurons)
Self Ratings (measuring emotions/detecting lies)
low validity but widely used; doesn’t work well with children
Psychophysiological Reactions (measuring emotions/detecting lies)
several approaches all assuming that there are distinct physiological profiles for different emotions; Face Electromyography (EMG), heart rate, Skin Conductance (galvanic sweat response), startle reflex, polygraphs, fMRI
Cognitive Function of Emotion
organizes and retrieves memories; guide judgements to help us make decisions
Behavioral Function of Emotion
emotions alter and organize behavior (gravitate towards positive, avoid negative)
Action Tendencies
predictable patterns of behavior associated with emotions which help us respond to social/physical environment
Social Function of Emotion
important for interpersonal relationships; help and inhibit relationships
