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COM MOD 2 > Chapter 9 Key Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Key Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are environmental diseases?

A

conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the ambient, workplace and personal environments

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2
Q

Exogenous chemicals

A

called xenobiotics
enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact
can be eliminated or accumulate in fat, bone, brain, and tissue

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3
Q

Conversion of Xenobiotics

A

into nontoxic products or can activate to generate toxic compound
Use 2 phase reaction process that involved cytochrome P-450

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4
Q

Most important and common air pollutants (4)

A

ozone, sulfur dioxide, acid aerosols, and particles less than 10um in diameter

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5
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

cause of death from accidents and suicide

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6
Q

Mechanism of CO poisoning

A

bind hemoglobin with high-affinity leading to systemic asphyxiation associated with CNS depression

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7
Q

Indoor pollutants (4)

A

smokes, bioaerosols, radon, formaldehyde

can accumulate and cause disease

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8
Q

Toxic heavy metal in human (4)

A

lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium

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9
Q

Children and metal toxicity

A

absorb more ingested lead than adults

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10
Q

Main source of lead exposure for children

A

lead-containing paint in older houses

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11
Q

Excess lead in children and adults (4)

A

CNS defects in children
Peripheral neuropathy in adults
Remodeling cartilage
Cause anemia by interfering with hemoglobin synthesis

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12
Q

Major course of mercury contamination

A

fish

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13
Q

Result of mercury contamination

A

accumulation of methyl mercury in CNS

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14
Q

Fetus and mercury exposure

A

lead to Minamata disease

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15
Q

Minamata disease characteristics

A

cerebral palsy, deafness, and blindness

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16
Q

Where is arsenic found?

A

naturally in soil and food and component of wood preservatives and herbicides

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17
Q

What does excess arsenic interfere with?

A

mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and protein function

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18
Q

Resulting effects of excess arsenic

A

acute GI tract, CNS, cardiovascular deficits

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19
Q

Long-term exposure to excess arsenic

A

skin lesions and carcinomas

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20
Q

Where is cadmium found?

A

nickel-cadmium batteries

chemical fertilizers in soil

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21
Q

Results of excess cadmium

A

obstructive lung disease and kidney damage

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22
Q

What is the most prevalent preventable cause of human death?

A

smoking

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23
Q

What in tobacco smoke is responsible for addiction? (4)

A

nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and aromatic amines

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24
Q

What percent of lung cancers occur in smokers?

A

90%

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25
Q

What tobacco can cause oral cancer?

A

smokeless tobacco

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26
Q

Tobacco interaction with alcohol

A

multiplying the risk of oral, laryngeal, and esophageal cancer
increases the risk of lung cancers form occupational exposures

27
Q

What other diseases is tobacco a risk factor for? (4)

A

atherosclerosis
myocardial infarction
peripheral vascular disease
cerebrovascular disease

28
Q

What lung complications can tobacco predispose someone to?

A

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and chornic obstructive disease

29
Q

Maternal smoking (3)

A

increases risk of abortion, premature birth, intauterine growth retardation

30
Q

What does acute alcohol abuse cause?

A

dowsiness at blood levels appx 200 mg/dL

31
Q

How is alcohol metabolized?

A

oxidize to acetaldehyde in liver by alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P-450 system, and catalase
Acetaldehyde is converted to acetate in mitochondria and utilized in respiratory chain

32
Q

Alcohol dehydrogenase

A

causes oxidation of alcohol and depletes NAD, leading to accumulation of fat in the liver and metabolic acidosis

33
Q

Main effects of chronic alcoholism

A

fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis

34
Q

Cirrhosis of liver

A

leads to portal hypertension and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

35
Q

GI system and chronic alcoholism (4)

A

Bleeding from gastritis and ulcers
Peripheral neuropathy from thiamine deficiency
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Acute and chronic pancreatitis

36
Q

Cancer and chronic alcoholism

A

major risk factor for oral cavity, larynx, and esophageal cancers

37
Q

Causes of drug injury

A

therapeutic drugs or nontherapeutic drugs

38
Q

Most frequently used drugs

A

antineoplastic agents, anticoagulants, MHT preparations and oral contraceptives, acetominophen, and aspirin

39
Q

MHT

A

increases risk of endometrial and breast cancers and thromboembolism
does not protect against ischemic heart disease

40
Q

Oral Contraceptives

A

protective effect against endometrial and ovarian cancers

increase risk of thromboembolism and hepatic adenomas

41
Q

Overdose of acetaminophen

A

cause centrilobular liver necrosis leading to liver failure

42
Q

Aspirin effects

A

blocks production of thromboxane A2 which may produce gastric ulceration and bleeding

43
Q

Common drugs of abuse

A 
sedative-hypnotics- ethanol
psychomotor stimulants- cocaine, meth, ecstasy
opioid narcotics- heroin, oxy-codone
hallucinogens
cannabinoids- marijuana
44
Q

How can ionizing radiation injure cells?

A

directly or indirectly by generating free radicals from water or molecular oxygen

45
Q

Ionizing radiation damage to DNA

A

rapidly dividing cells (germ cells, bone marrow, GI) are sensitive to radiation injury

46
Q

How can DNA damage cause neoplasms

A

if DNA is not repaired and the mutations that predispose affected cells to neoplastic transformation

47
Q

Ionizing radiation and vascular system

A

can cause vascular damage causing ischemic necrosis of parenchymal cells and replacement with fibrous tissue

48
Q

2 main primary PEM syndromes

A

marasmus and kwashiorkor

49
Q

Who does secondary PEM occur in?

A

chronically ill patients and patients with advances cancer

50
Q

Characteristics of Kwashiorkor (5)

A

hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, fatty liver, skin changes, immune defects

51
Q

What causes kwashiorkor?

A

diets low in protein but normal calories

52
Q

Characteristics of Marasmus (2)

A

emaciation resulting from loss of muscle mass and fat, preservation of serum albumin

53
Q

What causes marasmus?

A

diets severely lacking in calories both protein and nonprotein

54
Q

Fat Soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

55
Q

Vitamin A

A

required for vision, epithelial differentiation, immune function

56
Q

Vitamin D

A

key regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis

57
Q

Water Soluble vitamins of importance

A

C and B

58
Q

Vitamin C

A

needed for collagen synthesis and collagen cross-linking and tensile stength

59
Q

B vitamins

A

cellular metabolism

60
Q

Obesity

A

disorder of energy regulation

61
Q

Diseases associated with obesity (4)

A

insulin resistance
type 2 diabetes
hypertension
hypertriglyceridemia

62
Q

3 main components of regulation of energy balance

A
  1. afferent signals- from insulin leptin ghrelin peptide YY
  2. central hypothalamic system- integrates afferent and efferent signals
  3. efferent signals- control energy balance
63
Q

Leptin’s role in energy balance

A

output from adipose tissue

increases energy consumption by stimulating POMC/CARd neurons and inhibiting NYP/AgRP neurons

COM MOD 2 (9 decks)

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