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COM MOD 2 > Chapter 7 Key Concepts pt 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Key Concepts pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 antitumor effector mechanisms

A

CTLs
NK cells
macrophages

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2
Q

What can tumor cells express that is recognized by CTLs? (4)

A
  1. Product of oncogene or mutated tumor suppressor gene
  2. Mutated self protein
  3. Overexpressed or aberrantly expressed self protein
  4. Oncogenic virus
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3
Q

Oncogene products

A

mutated RAS, BCR/ABL fusion protein

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4
Q

Tumor suppressor gene products

A

mutated p53 protein

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5
Q

Overexpressed self protein

A

tyrosinase, gp100, MART in melanomas

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6
Q

Aberrantly expressed proteins

A

cancer-testis antigen (MAGE, BAGE)

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7
Q

Oncogenic virus

A

HPV E6, E7

EBNA in EBV-induced lymphoma

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8
Q

Persons with inherited mutations of genes involving DNA repair system

A

greatly increased risk for development of cancer

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9
Q

HNPCC syndrome (4)

A

Defects in mismatch repair system
Leading to carcinomas of the colon
Show microsatellite instability
Changes in length of short repeats throughout the genome

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10
Q

Xeroderma Pigmentosum (3)

A

Defect in the nucleotide excision repair pathway
Increased risk for development of skin cancers in UV light
Cause- inability to repair pyrimidine dimers

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11
Q

Name of Syndromes that have Defects in Homologous Recombination of DNA repair system

A

Bloom Syndrome
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Fanconi anemia

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12
Q

Cause of Syndromes that have Defects in Homologous Recombination of DNA repair system

A

hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents (ionizing radiation)

ex. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are involved in DNA repair

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13
Q

Cause of Mutations in lymphoid cells

A

expression of gene products that induce genomic instability and cause lymphoid neoplasms
ex. RAG1, RAG2, AID

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14
Q

Oncogenic mutations that tumor cells may acquire (4)

A

point mutations
translocations
deletions
gene amplifications

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15
Q

Balanced translocations in cancer

A

Contribute to carcinogenesis by overexpression of oncogenes

Generation of novel fusion proteins with altered signaling capacity

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16
Q

Deletions and cancer

A

cause loss of tumor suppressor gene function and can activate proto-oncogenes

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17
Q

Gene amplification and cancer

A

increases the expression and function of oncogenes

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18
Q

Genomic sequencing influence on cancer

A

revealed numerous “cryptic” rearrangements like small deletions and insertions and chromothrypsis

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19
Q

Chromothrypsis

A

a chromosome is “shattered” and then reassembles in a haphazard way

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20
Q

Structure and function of chemical carcinogens

A

Highly reactive electrophile groups

Directly damage DNA, leading to mutations and cancer

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21
Q

Direct-Acting Agents

A

do not require metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic

ex. alkylating agents used for chemotherapy

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22
Q

Indirect-Acting Agents

A

not active until converted to a carcinogen by endogenous metabolic pathways ex. cytochrome P450
ex. benzopyrene, azo dyes, aflatoxin

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23
Q

What occurs after exposure of a cell to a mutagen or initiator

A

tumorigenesis can be enhanced by exposure to promoters to stimulate proliferation of mutated cells

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24
Q

Examples of human carcinogens (5)

A

direct-acting agents
indirect-acting agents
promoters
agents that cause pathologic hyperplasia of endometrium
agents that cause regenerative activity of the liver

25
Q

Results of Ionizing Radiation

A

cause chromosome breakage, translocation, and point mutations leading to genetic damage and carcinogenesis

26
Q

Result of UV rays

A

formation of pyrimidine dimers within DNA leading to mutations

27
Q

What cancers can UV rays give rise to?

A

squamous cell carcinomas and melanomas of the skin

28
Q

Who is at higher risk for cancers caused by UV rays?

A

individuals with defects in the repair of pyrimidine dimers that have Xeroderma pigmentosa

29
Q

Results of exposure to radiation during imagine procedures

A

increase in cancer risk in children

ex. CT scans

30
Q

HTLV-1

A

retrovirus that causes adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

*in Japan, Caribbean, South America and Africa

31
Q

Mechanism of HTLV-1

A

encored viral protein Tax, with activates pro-growth and pro-survival signaling pathways leading to polyclonal expansion of T cells

32
Q

HPV

A

cause of benign warts, cervical cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer

33
Q

Viral oncoproteins in HPV

A

E6 and E7 that bind to Rb and p53, respectively and neutralize their function

34
Q

How does cancer develop from HPV

A

integration of HPV into host genome and mutations needed for cancer hallmarks

35
Q

How to prevent HPV cancers

A

vaccination against high-risk HPV types

36
Q

EBV

A

ubiquitous herpesvirus implicated in the pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphomas, B cell lymphomas in patients with T-cell immunosuppression

37
Q

Mechanism of EBV

A

trigger B cell signaling pathway that promote B cell growth and transformation

38
Q

Hepatitis B and C

A

cause between 70-85% of hepatocellular carcinomas worldwide

39
Q

Oncogenic effects of HBV and HCV

A

mediated chronic inflammation, hepatocellular injury, and reparatie hepatocyte proliferation

40
Q

H. pylori

A

implicated in gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lmphoma

41
Q

Pathogenesis of H.pylori

A

chronic inflammation, reparative gastric cell proliferation

42
Q

Pathogenitcity genes of H.pylori

A

CagA contribute to growth factor pathways

43
Q

Chronic H.pylori infection

A

leads to polyclonal B cell proliferations and monoclonal B cell tumor of stomach

44
Q

Cachexia

A

progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass, profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia caused by release of factors from host or tumor immune cells

45
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

endocrinopathies, neuropathies, skin disorders, skepetal and joint abnormalities, and hypercoaguability

46
Q

Endocrinopathies- Paraneoplastic

A

cushing syndrome

hypercalcemia

47
Q

Neuropathic syndromes- Paraneoplastic

A

polymyopathy, peripheral neuropathies, neural degeneration

48
Q

Skin disorders- Paraneoplastic

A

acanthosis nigricans

49
Q

Skeletal and joint abnormalities- Paraneoplastic

A

hypertrophic osteoarthritis

50
Q

Hypercoaguability- Paraneoplastic

A

migratory thrombophlebitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

51
Q

Grading of tumors

A

determined by cytologic appearance and based on idea that behavior and differentiation are related

52
Q

Staging of tumors

A

determined by surgical exploration or imaging

based on size, local and regional lymph node spread, and distant metastases

53
Q

Sampling approaches for cancer

A

excision, biopsy, fine-needle aspiration, cytologic smears

54
Q

Use for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in tumors

A

help diagnosis and classification of tumors by identifying protein expression of different entities

55
Q

Molecular analyses in cancer

A

detemine diagnosis, prognosis, detection of residual disease, and diagnosis of hereditary predispositions

56
Q

Molecular profiling of tumors

A

DNA sequencing, DNA copy number arrays are used to differentiate identical tumors

57
Q

Proteins released by tumors into serum

A

PSA- prostate specific antigen

used to screen populations for cancer

58
Q

Assays of circulating tumor cells and of DNA

A

shed into blood, stool, sputum, and urine

COM MOD 2 (9 decks)

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