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Biology - Chapters 1 - 10 > Chapter 9 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a joint?

A

A point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage or between bone and teeth

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1
Q

How do joints contribute to homeostasis?

A

Holding the bone together in ways that allow for movement and flexibility

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2
Q

What does it mean if a bone articulates with another bone?

A

That those bones form a joint

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3
Q

What is the study of joints called?

A

Arthrology

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4
Q

What is the study of motion of the human body called?

A

Kinesiology

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5
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Structurally (based on their anatomical characteristics) and

Functionally (based in the type of movement they permit)

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6
Q

What two criteria is the structural classification of joints based on?

A
  1. The presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones
  2. The type of connective tissue that binds the bones together
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7
Q

What are the three types of joints (based on structural classification)?

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Cartilaginous joints
  3. Synovial joints
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8
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

There is no synovial cavity
Bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibres
Permit little or no movement

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9
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

There is no synovial cavity

Bones are held together by cartilage

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10
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

The bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity

Bones are joined by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule

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11
Q

What is a synovial cavity?

A

A space between the articulating bones

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12
Q

What is an articular capsule?

A

An envelope surrounding a synovial joint

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13
Q

What are the three types of joints (based on functional classification)?

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
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14
Q

What is a synarthrosis joint?

A

An immovable joint

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15
Q

What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

A

A slightly moveable joint

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16
Q

What is a diarthrosis joint?

A

A freely moveable joint

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17
Q

If a joint is a diarthrosis joint, it is always a ___________ kind of joint.

A

Synovial

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18
Q

What are the three kinds of fibrous joints?

A
  1. Sutures (synarthrosis)
  2. Syndesmoses (amphiarthrosis)
  3. Interosseous membranes (amphiarthrosis)
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19
Q

What is a suture?

A

Fibrous joint, based on structural classification, synarthrosis
Occur only between bones of the skull
“Seam”

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20
Q

What is synostosis?

A

A joint in which there is a complete fusion of separate bones into one
Classified as a synarthrosis - b/c it is immoveable

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21
Q

What is a syndesmoses?

A

A fibrous joint, amphiarthrosis
Greater distance between the articulating surfaces
Dense irregular connective tissue between the bones that allow the joint to permit limited movement

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22
Q

A syndesmoses joint could also be classified as a _________ joint. Why?

A

Amphiarthroses

B/c the joint allows limited movement

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23
Q

What is gomphosis?

A

Cone shaped peg fits into a socket
Teeth!
Example of a syndesmoses joint

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24
Q

What is interosseous membrane?

A

Fibrous joint, amphiarthrosis

Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighbouring long bones and permits slight movement

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25
Q

Where do you find interosseous membranes?

A

Between the tibia and fibula

Between the ulna and radius

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26
Q

What are the two kinds of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

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27
Q

What is a synchondrosis joint?

A

Cartilaginous joint, synarthrosis
Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
Immovable joint
Example - epiphyseal (growth) plate in a growing bone

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28
Q

What is a symphysis joint?

A

Cartilaginous joint, amphiarthrosis
Ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
Slightly movable joint
Example : pubic symphysis

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29
Q

What is the structural difference between a synchondrosis and a symphysis?

A

Type of cartilage that holds the joint together
Hyaline cartilage in a synchondrosis
Fibrocartilage in a symphysis

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30
Q

Where can a symphysis joint be found?

A

Pubic symphysis between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones
Junction of the manubrium and the sternum
Intervertebral joints between the bodies of the vertebrae

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31
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Have a space called the synovial cavity
Allows for considerable movement
Classified as diarthrosis
Contains synovial fluid

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32
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the bones at a synovial joint
Reduces friction between the bones, helps absorb shock

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33
Q

What is the articular capsule?

A

Surrounds a synovial joint
Encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones
Composed of two layers: outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane

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34
Q

What two layers make up the articular capsule?

A
  1. Fibrous membrane - attaches to the periosteum of the articulating bones, provides flexibility & movement, prevent bones from dislocating
  2. Synovial membrane - areolar connective tissue, includes an accumulation of adipose tissue (articular fat pads)
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35
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

Connects bones to other bones

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36
Q

What is the functional classification of synovial joints?

A

Diarthoses - freely movable joints

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37
Q

What is “double jointed”?

A

Do not have extra joints
They have greater flexibility in their articular capsules and ligaments
These joints are less structurally stable and dislocate easily

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38
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Viscous, clear or pale yellow fluid

Forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule

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39
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

Functions to reduce friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks, and supplying oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes within the articular cartilage

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40
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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41
Q

What are accessory ligaments?

A

Extracapsular ligaments - lie outside the articular capsule OR Intracapsular ligaments - lie inside the articular capsule

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42
Q

What are articular discs? (Also called menisci)

A

Crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage lie between the articulating surfaces of the bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule

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43
Q

What are the functions of the menisci?

A
  1. Shock absorption
  2. Better fit between articulating bone surfaces
  3. Providing adaptable surfaces for combines movements
  4. Weight distribution over a greater contact surface
  5. Distribution of synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces of the joint
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44
Q

What is the labrum?

A

Prominent in the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip
Fibrocartilagous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket
Helps to deepen the joint socket
Increases the area of contact between the socket over the ball like surface of the head or the humerus or femur

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45
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but does not dislocate the bones

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46
Q

What is a strain?

A

A stretched or partially torn muscle, often occurs when a muscle contracts powerfully and suddenly

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47
Q

What are bursae?

A

Sac-like structures that are situated to alleviate friction in some joints
(Shoulder, knee joint)
Filled with a small amount of fluid that is similar to synovial fluid
Cushion the movement of body parts against each other
NOT strictly part of synovial joints

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48
Q

Where can bursae be located?

A

Between skin and bone, tendons and bones, muscles and bones, and ligaments and bones

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49
Q

What is PRICE?

A

Protection, rest, ice, compression, elevate

The method to treat a sprain

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50
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

Tube-like bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone

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51
Q

What are the two layers of a tendon sheath?

A
  1. Visceral layer - attached to the surface of the tendon
  2. Parietal layer - attached to the bone
    Between the layers, contains synovial fluid
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52
Q

What is tenosynovitis?

A

An inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths and synovial membranes surrounding certain joints

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53
Q

How are the movements at synovial joints grouped?

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Angular movements
  3. Rotation
  4. Special movements (only occurs at certain joints)
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54
Q

What is gliding?

A

Simple movement
Flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to each other
Limited in range
No significant alteration of the angle between the bones

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55
Q

How do joints receive nourishment?

A

Arteries near the joints send out numerous branches that penetrate the ligaments and articular capsule to deliver oxygen and nutrients. Veins remove wastes.
Chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of a synovial joint receive oxygen and nutrients from synovial fluid derived from blood

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56
Q

What are angular movements?

A

An increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, hypertension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

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57
Q

Describe flexion.

A

Angular movement
Decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Opposite to extension

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58
Q

Describe extension.

A

Angular movement
Increase in the angle between the articulating bones
Opposite to flexion

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59
Q

What are two examples of joints that permit gliding movements?

A

Occur at intercarpal joints and at intertarsal joints

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60
Q

Give an example of flexion.

A

Bending the trunk forward at the intervertebral joints

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61
Q

Give an example of extension.

A

Returning a joint to normal anatomical position after flexion.
After moving the humerus forward at the shoulder joint, as in swinging the arms forward when walking, swinging the humerus back to anatomical position

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62
Q

What are two examples of flexion that do not occur along a sagittal plane?

A

Flexion of the thumb

Lateral flexion of the trunk

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63
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

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64
Q

What is an example of hypertension?

A

Moving the palm backward at the wrist joint

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65
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist
Movement occurs along the frontal plane
(Stretching the sides of your abs)

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66
Q

How is the hypertension of hinge joints prevented?

A

Arrangement of ligaments and anatomical alignment of the bones

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67
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement of a bone away from the midline

Occurs along frontal plane

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68
Q

What is adduction?

A

Movement of a bone toward the midline
Occurs along frontal plane
*returns the body parts to the anatomical position

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69
Q

What is an example of abduction?

A

Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint

Arm is level with the ground, palm facing the ground

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70
Q

When is the midline NOT used as a point of reference for abduction and adduction?

A

For the digits

Middle finger and second toe is used

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71
Q

What is abduction of the digits?

A

Fingers or toes are spread out

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72
Q

What is adduction of the digits?

A

After being spread out, the fingers or toes are brought back to the anatomical position

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73
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle
Continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
Does not occur on a separate axis

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74
Q

What is rotation?

A

When a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

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75
Q

What is an example of rotation?

A

When you shake your head “no”

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76
Q

What is medial (internal) rotation?

A

If the anterior surface of a bone of a limb is turned toward the midline
Medially rotate the humerus at the shoulder joint as follows:
Flex your elbow, and then move your palm across your chest

77
Q

How do medial and lateral rotation differ?

A

Anterior surface of a bone or limb rotates toward the midline in medial rotation, and away from the midline in lateral rotation

78
Q

What is lateral (external) rotation?

A

If the anterior surface of the bone of a limb is turned away from the midline

79
Q

What are the special movements at certain joints? Name them (11)

A

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, supination, pronation, opposition

80
Q

What movement of the shoulder girdle occurs when you bring your arms forward until the elbows touch?

A

Protraction

81
Q

What is elevation?

A

A superior movement of a part of the body

Example - closing the mouth, shrugging the shoulders,

82
Q

What is depression?

A

An inferior movement of a part of the body

Example - opening the mouth, returning shrugged shoulders to anatomical position

83
Q

What is protraction?

A

A movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane
Example - protract your mandible by thrusting it outward

84
Q

What is retraction?

A

A movement of a protracted part of the body back to its anatomical position

85
Q

What is inversion?

A

Movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints

Rotating the sole of the foot upwards and inwards, lifting the big toe

86
Q

What is eversion?

A

Movement of the sole laterally at the intertarsal joints

Rotating the sole of the foot outwards and away from the body, lifting up the pinky toe

87
Q

What do physical therapists also refer to eversion of the feet as?

A

Pronation

88
Q

What do physical therapists also refer to inversion of the feet as?

A

Supination

89
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint in the direction of the dorsum
(Bending your ankle so your toes point towards your shins)

90
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

Bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the plantar (inferior surface)
(Bending your ankle when you point your toes)

91
Q

What is supination?

A

Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palm is turned anteriorly

92
Q

What is pronation?

A

A movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly

93
Q

What is opposition?

A

The movement of the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand

94
Q

What are the 6 subtypes of synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane joints
  2. Hinge joints
  3. Pivot joints
  4. Condyloid joints
  5. Saddle joints
  6. Ball-and-socket joints
95
Q

Describe plane joints.

A

Type of synovial joint
Articulating surfaces of bones in a plane joint are flat or slightly curved
Primarily permit back and forth or side to side movement (may rotate against each other)
Biaxial - movement on two axes
If they rotate, they are triaxial

96
Q

Give an example of a plane joint.

A

Intercarpal joints
Intertarsal joints
Sternoclavicular joints

97
Q

Describe hinge joints.

A

Type of synovial joint
Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
Most hinge joints, one bone is fixed, the other moves around an axis
Uniaxial - allow motion around a single axis

98
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint.

A

Elbow
Ankle
Interphalangeal joints
Knee (modified hinge joint)

99
Q

Describe pivot joints.

A

Type of synovial joint
The rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
Uniaxial - allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis

100
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint.

A

Atlanto-axial joint - atlas rotates around the axis, allows you to shake your head “no”
Radioulnar joint - allows you to move your hand posteriorly and anteriorly

101
Q

Describe a condyloid joint.

A

Type of synovial joint
The convex oval shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another bone
Biaxial - permits movements around two axes
(Flexion-extension, abduction-adduction)

102
Q

Give an example of a condyloid joint.

A

Radiocaroal (wrist)

Metacarpophalangeal (between metacarpals and proximal phalanges)

103
Q

Describe a saddle joint.

A

Type of synovial joint
Articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle” as a sitting rider would
Biaxial - flexion-extension, abduction-adduction

104
Q

Give an example of a saddle joint.

A

Carpometacarpal joint between the trapezium of the carpus and the metacarpal of the thumb

105
Q

Describe a ball-and-socket joint.

A

Type of synovial joint
Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cup-like depression of another bone
Triaxial

106
Q

Give an example of a ball-and-socket joint.

A

Shoulder joint

Hip joint

107
Q

What is ROM? (Range of motion)

A

Refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved

108
Q

What factors affect the range of motion of joints?

A
  1. Structure and shape of articulating bones
  2. Strength and tension of joint ligaments
  3. Arrangement and tension of muscles
  4. Contact of soft parts
  5. Hormones
  6. Disuse
109
Q

Describe the suture joint.

A

Between skull bones
Fibrous (structurally)
Amphiarthrosis and synarthrosis (functionally)
No movement

110
Q

Describe the Atlanto-occipital joint.

A

Between superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone
Synovial (condyloid)
Diarthrosis
Flexion and extension of the head
Slight lateral flexion of head to either side

111
Q

Describe the atlanto-axial joint.

A
  1. Between the dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas: Synovial (pivot)
  2. Between lateral masses of atlas and axis: synovial (plantar)
    Diarthrosis
    Rotation of head
112
Q

What is the intervertebral joint?

A
  1. Between vertebral bodies: cartilaginous (symphysis), amphiarthrosis
  2. Between vertebral arches: synovial (planar), diarthrosis
    Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation of vertebral column
113
Q

What is the vertebrocostal joint?

A
  1. Between facets of heads of ribs and facets of bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae
  2. Between articular part of tubercles of ribs and facets of transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
    Synovial (planar), diarthrosis
    Slight gliding
114
Q

What is the sternocostal joint?

A

Between the sternum and first seven pairs of ribs
Cartilaginous (synchondrosis) - between first pair of ribs, synarthrosis, no movement
Synovial (plane) - between second and seventh ribs, diarthrosis, slight gliding

115
Q

What is the lumbosacral joint?

A
  1. Between the body of 5th lumbar vertebra and base of sacrum, cartilaginous (symphysis), amphiarthrosis
  2. Between inferior articular facets of 5th lumbar vertebra and superior articular facets of first vertebra if sacrum, synovial (planar), diarthrosis
    Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation of the vertebral column
116
Q

What is the Sternoclavicular joint?

A

Between Sternal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum and first costal cartilage
Synovial, plane and pivot
Diarthrosis
Gliding, limited movement

117
Q

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Between acromion of scapula and acromial end of clavicle
Synovial (plane)
Diarthrosis
Gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle

118
Q

What is the radiocarpal joint?

A

Wrist
Between the distal end of radius and scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum of carpus
Synovial (condyloid)
Diarthrosis
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, slight hyperextension

119
Q

What is the intercarpal joint?

A

Between proximal row of carpal bones, distal row of carpal bones, and between both rows of carpal bones
Synovial (plane) diarthrosis
Gliding, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, slight rotation

120
Q

What is carpometacarpal joint?

A

Joint of the thumb, between trapezium of carpus and first metacarpal
Joints of remaining digits formed between carpus and 2-5 metacarpals
Synovial (saddle at thumb, plane at remaining digits)
Diarthrosis
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction at thumb, gliding at remaining digits

121
Q

What is the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsalphalangeal joint(s)?

A

Between the heads of metacarpals (or metatarsals) and bases of proximal phalanges
Synovial (condyloid)
Diarthrosis
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction of phalanges

122
Q

What is the interphalangeal joint?

A

Between the head of phalanges and bases of more distal phalanges
Synovial (hinge)
Diarthrosis
Flexion and extension of phalanges

123
Q

What is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Between the auricular surface of sacrum and ilia of hip bones
Synovial (plane)
Diarthrosis
Slight gliding (even more so during pregnancy)

124
Q

What is the pubic symphysis joint?

A

Between anterior surfaces of the hip bones
Cartilaginous (symphysis)
Amphiarthrosis
Slight movements, even more so during pregnancy

125
Q

What is the tibiofibular joint?

A

Proximal tibiofibular joint between lateral condyle of tibia and head of fibula, synovial (plane), diarthrosis, slight gliding
Distal tibiofibular joint between distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia, fibrous (syndesmosis), amphiarthrosis, slight rotation

126
Q

What is the talocrural joint?

A

Ankle
1. Between the distal end of tibia and its medial malleolus and talus
2. Between lateral malleolus of fibula and talus
Synovial (hinge)
Diarthrosis
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot

127
Q

What is the intertarsal joint?

A
  1. Subtalar joint between talus and calcaneus of tarsus, synovial (plane)
  2. Talocalcaneonavicular joint between talus and calcaneus and navicular of tarsus, synovial (plane)
  3. Calcaneocuboid joint between calcaneus and cuboid of tarsus, synovial (saddle)
    Diarthrosis
    Inversion and eversion of foot
128
Q

What is the tarsometatarsal joint?

A

Between the three cuneiforms of tarsus and bases of 5 metatarsal bones
Synovial (plane)
Diarthrosis
Slight gliding

129
Q

What is the TMJ joint?

A

Temporomandibular joint
Combined hinge and planer joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone

130
Q

What is special about the TMJ joint?

A

It is the only freely movable joint between skull bones

131
Q

What are the 5 anatomical components of the TMJ joint?

A
  1. Articular disc
  2. Articular capsule
  3. Lateral ligament
  4. Sphenomandibular ligament
  5. Stylomandibular ligament
132
Q

What movements can the TMJ do?

A

Depression (jaw opening)
Elevation (jaw closing)
Protraction, retraction, lateral displacement, slight rotation

133
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Displacement of a bone from a joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons or articular capsules

134
Q

Which ligaments prevent displacement of the mandible?

A

The lateral ligament prevents displacement of the mandible

135
Q

What is the shoulder joint?

A

Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Also called the humeroscapular or glenohumeral joint

136
Q

What are the anatomical components of the shoulder joint?

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Coracohumeral ligament
  3. Glenohumeral ligaments
  4. Transverse humeral ligament
  5. Glenoid labrum
  6. Bursae
137
Q

What are the 4 bursae associated with the shoulder joint?

A
  1. Subscapsular bursa
  2. Subdeltoid bursa
  3. Subacromial bursa
  4. Subcoracoid bursa
138
Q

What movements does the shoulder joint allow?

A

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction

139
Q

What is special about the shoulder joint?

A

It allows more free movement than any other joint in the body
Results from looseness of the articular capsule and shallowness of the glenoid cavity in relation to the large size of the head of the humerus

140
Q

What do the rotator cuff muscles do?

A

Work as a group to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity

141
Q

What is a dislocated shoulder?

A

The head of the humerus becomes displaced inferiorly, where the articular capsule is least protected

142
Q

What is a separated shoulder?

A

Not an injury to the shoulder joint
Actually refers to an injury in the acromioclavicular joint
(Formed by the acromion of the scapula and the acromial end of the clavicle)

143
Q

What is a torn glenoid labrum?

A

Where the fibrocartilaginous labrum may tear away from the glenoid cavity
Must be reattached surgically

144
Q

What is the elbow joint?

A

A hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus, the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius

145
Q

What are the anatomical components of the elbow joint?

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Ulnar collateral ligament
  3. Radial collateral ligament
  4. Anular ligament of the radius
146
Q

What movements does the elbow joint allow?

A

Flexion and extension of the forearm

147
Q

What is tennis elbow?

A

Pain, at or near the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, usually caused by an improperly executed backhand
Extensor muscles sprain or strain

148
Q

What is little league elbow?

A

Inflammation of the medial epicondyle, typically from heavy pitching

149
Q

What is the most common upper limb dislocation in children?

A

Dislocation of the radial head
Head of the radius slides past or ruptures the radial anular ligament
Happens when a strong pull is applied to the forearm while it is extended and supinated

150
Q

Which ligaments connect the
(A) humerus and the ulna?
(B) humerus and the radius?

A

(A) ulnar-collateral ligament (medial collateral ligament) and the lateral-collateral ligament (radial collateral ligament)
(B) anular ligament of the radius

151
Q

What is the hip joint? (Coxal joint)

A

Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone

152
Q

What are the anatomical components of the hip joint?

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Iliofemoral ligament
  3. Pubofemoral ligament
  4. Ischiofemoral ligament
  5. Ligament of the head of the femur
  6. Acetabular labrum
153
Q

Which ligaments limit the degree of extension that is possible at the coxal joint?

A

Tension in three ligaments -

  1. Iliofemoral
  2. Pubofemoral
  3. Ischiofemoral
154
Q

What movements does the coxal joint allow?

A

Flexion, extension, abudction, adduction, circumduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation of the thigh

155
Q

How is flexion limited at the hip joint?

A

By the anterior surface of the thigh coming into contact with the anterior abdominal wall when the knee is flexed
By the tension of the hamstring muscles when the knee is extended

156
Q

How is extension limited at the hip joint?

A

By tension of the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments

157
Q

How is abduction limited at the hip joint?

A

By the tension of the pubofemoral ligament

158
Q

How is adduction limited at the hip joint?

A

By contact with the opposite limb and tension in the ligament of the head of the femur

159
Q

How is medial rotation limited at the hip joint?

A

By the tension of the ischiofemoral ligament

160
Q

How is lateral rotation limited at the hip joint?

A

By tension in the iliofemoral and pubofemoral ligaments

161
Q

What is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Knee joint
Largest and most complex joint of the body
Modified hinge joint (primary movement is uniaxial) that consists of three joints within a single synovial cavity

162
Q

What are the three joints in the tibiofemoral joints?

A
  1. Laterally is the tibiofemoral joint, between the lateral condyle of the femur, lateral meniscus and lateral condyle of the tibia
  2. Medially is another tibiofemoral joint, between the medial condyle of the femur, medial meniscus and medial condyle of the tibia
  3. Intermediate patellofemoral joint is between the patella and the patellar surface of the femur
163
Q

What are the anatomical components of the knee joint?

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Medial and lateral patellar retinacula
  3. Patellar ligament
  4. Oblique popliteal ligament
  5. Arcuate popliteal ligament
  6. Tibia collateral ligament
  7. Fibular collateral ligament
  8. Intracapsular ligaments
  9. Articular discs
  10. Bursae
164
Q

What are the two Intracapsular ligaments of the knee joint?

A
  1. Anterior cruciate ligament ACL - limits hyperextension

2. Posterior cruciate ligament PCL

165
Q

What are the two articular discs of the knee joint?

A
  1. Medial meniscus

2. Lateral meniscus

166
Q

What are the important bursae of the knee?

A
  1. Prepatellar bursa
  2. Infrapatellar bursa
  3. Suprapatellar bursa
167
Q

Why is the knee joint most vulnerable to damage?

A

It is a mobile, weight-bearing joint
Stability depends almost entirely on its associated ligaments and muscles
No complementary fit between the articulating bones

168
Q

What movement occurs at the knee joint when the anterior thigh muscles contract?

A

Causes extension at the knee joint

169
Q

What does the PCL prevent?

A

Posterior sliding of the tibia and anterior sliding of the femur when the knee is flexed

170
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A

Hyperextension of the knee

Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur

171
Q

What happens to joints as you age?

A

Deceased production of synovial fluid
Articular cartilage becomes thinner
Ligaments shorten and lose flexibility

172
Q

What minimizes the effects of aging on joints?

A

Stretching and aerobic exercise that attempt to maintain full range of motion

173
Q

What is arthroplasty?

A

Surgical replacement of joints with artificial ones

174
Q

What does a partial hip replacement involve?

A

Only the femur

175
Q

What does a total hip replacement involve?

A

Both the acetabulum and head of the femur

176
Q

What is a total knee replacement?

A

Damaged cartilage is removed from the distal end of the femur, the proximal end of the tibia and the back surface of the patella
Femur is reshaped, fitted with a metal femoral component
Tibia is reshaped, fitted with a plastic tibial component
If the patella is badly damaged, it is replaced with a plastic component

177
Q

What is a partial knee replacement?

A

Also called a unicompartmental knee replacement

Only one side of the knee joint is replaced

178
Q

Which joints in the body most commonly undergo arthroplasty?

A

Hips, knees and shoulders

179
Q

What is the purpose of arthroplasty?

A

Relieve joint pain and permit greater range of motion

180
Q

What is rheumatism?

A

Painful disorder of bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles

Not caused by infection or injury

181
Q

What is arthritis?

A

A form of rheumatism

Joints are swollen, stiff, and painful

182
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost
Wear and tear arthritis
First afflicts larger joints
Mainly affects the articular cartilage

183
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease that attacks cartilage and joint linings
If the articular cartilage is destroyed completely, fibrous tissue ossified and fuses the joint so that it becomes immovable

184
Q

What is gouty arthritis?

A

Sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joint
Crystals irritate and erode the cartilage

185
Q

What is Lyme disease?

A

Happens after a tick bite

Arthritis is the main complication

186
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Inflammatory disease of unknown origin
Affects joints of the vertebrae and between sacrum and hip bone
Can lead to complete loss of movement in the joint or a hunchback

187
Q

What is arthralgia?

A

Pain in a joint

188
Q

What is chondritis?

A

Inflammation of cartilage

189
Q

What is a subluxation?

A

A partial or incomplete dislocation

Biology - Chapters 1 - 10 (10 decks)

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