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Biology - Chapters 1 - 10 > Chapter 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction Flashcards

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0
Q

What is dissection?

A

The careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The science of body structures and the relationships among them

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The science of body functions, how they work

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3
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of the first 8 weeks of development after fertilization of the human egg

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4
Q

What is developmental biology?

A

The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

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5
Q

What is cell biology?

A

Study of cellular structure and function

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6
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of microscopic structure of tissues

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7
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Study of structures that can be studied without a microscope

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8
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

Study of structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory system

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9
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Study of specific regions of the body such as head or chest

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10
Q

What is radiographic anatomy?

A

Study of body structures that can be visualized with X-rays

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11
Q

What is pathological anatomy?

A

Study of structural changes (gross to microscope) associated with disease

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12
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Study of surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation

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13
Q

What is neurophysiology?

A

Study of functional properties of nerve cells

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14
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Study of hormones and how they control body functions

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15
Q

What is cardiovascular physiology?

A

Study of functions of the heart and blood vessels

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16
Q

What is immunology?

A

Study of the body’s defences against disease-causing agents

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17
Q

What is respiratory physiology?

A

Study of functions of the air passageways and lungs

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18
Q

What is renal physiology?

A

Study of functions of the kidneys

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19
Q

What is exercise physiology?

A

Study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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20
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging

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21
Q

What are the 6 levels of structural organization in the human body? Describe them.

A
  1. Chemical level - include atoms and molecules
  2. Cellular level - molecules combine to form cells, basic units of the body
  3. Tissue level - groups of cells that work together for a specific function
  4. Organ level - structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues, they have a specific function
  5. System level - related organs with a common function (digestive system)
  6. Organism level - any living individual
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22
Q

What are the 4 different kinds of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue - covers body surfaces, lines hollows & cavities and forms glands
  2. Connective tissue - connects, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues
  3. Muscular tissue - contracts to make body parts move, generates heat
  4. Nervous tissue - carries info from one part of the body to another
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23
Q

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

A
  1. Integumentary system - skin, hair, fingernails
  2. Skeletal system - bones and joints
  3. Muscular system - muscle attached to bone
  4. Nervous system - brain, spinal cord, nerves
  5. Endocrine system - hormone producing glands
  6. Cardiovascular system - blood, heart, and blood vessels
  7. Lymphatic system - lymphatic fluid & vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils
  8. Respiratory system - lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes
  9. Digestive system - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
  10. Urinary system - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
  11. Reproductive system - gonads, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis
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24
Q

What is a noninvasive diagnostic technique?

A

Doesn’t involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening

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25
Q

What is an inspection?

A

Examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal

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26
Q

What is palpation?

A

Gentle touching (during examination)

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27
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Listening to body sounds

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28
Q

What is percussion?

A

Examiner taps the body surface and listens to the resulting echo

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29
Q

What are the 6 most important life processes?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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30
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

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31
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler compounds

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32
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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33
Q

What is responsiveness?

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

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34
Q

What is growth?

A

Increase in the size of cells or the number of cells

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35
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

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36
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Precursor cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

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37
Q

What is reproduction?

A
  1. Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement OR
  2. The production of a new individual
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38
Q

What is an autopsy?

A

An examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to determine or confirm cause of death

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39
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

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40
Q

What are body fluids?

A

Dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them

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41
Q

What is ICF?

A

Intercellular fluid - fluid within cells

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42
Q

What is ECF?

A

Extracellular fluid - fluid outside body cells

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43
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues

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44
Q

What two body systems usually correct and maintain homeostasis?

A

Nervous system - sends electrical signals known as nerve impulses to organs. Faster but doesn’t last as long
Endocrine system - includes many glands that secrete hormones into the blood. Slower but last longer

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45
Q

What is a feedback system and what are its parts?

A

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re monitored, re evaluted, and so on.

  1. Receptor
  2. Control center
  3. Effector
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46
Q

What is a receptor (feedback system)?

A

Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center

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47
Q

What is a control center (feedback system)?

A

A control centre in the body that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained (set point), evaluates inputs received from receptors, and generates output commands to effectors

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48
Q

What is an effector?

A

A body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition

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49
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

It reverses a change in a controlled condition.

The activity of the effector negates the original stimulus

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50
Q

What is a positive feedback system?

A

It tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.
The effector produces a physiological response that adds to or reinforces the initial change in a controlled condition
Must be interrupted by some mechanism to be stopped (childbirth)

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51
Q

What is a disorder?

A

Any abnormality of structure or function

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52
Q

What is disease?

A

A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

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53
Q

What are symptoms?

A

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (headache, nausea, anxiety)

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54
Q

What are signs?

A

Objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure (swelling, rash, high BP)

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55
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of when, why, where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community

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56
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Study of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease

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57
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

The science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.

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58
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The subject stands erect facing the observer, head level, eyes facing forward. Feet are flat on the floor, directed forward and the upper limbs are at the sides with palms turned forward.

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59
Q

Describe the prone position.

A

Body is lying down, face down

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60
Q

Describe the supine position.

A

The body is lying down, face up

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61
Q

What are the 5 principal regions?

A

Head - face & skull
Neck
Trunk - chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Upper limbs - shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist and hand
Lower limbs - buttock, thigh, leg, ankle and foot

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62
Q

What is the anatomical name for head?

A

Cephalic

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63
Q

What is the anatomical name for neck?

A

Cervical

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64
Q

What is the anatomical name for foot?

A

Pedal

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65
Q

What is the anatomical name for armpit?

A

Axilliary

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66
Q

What is the anatomical name for arm?

A

Brachial

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67
Q

What is the anatomical name for front of the elbow?

A

Antecubital

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68
Q

What is the anatomical name for the forearm?

A

Antebrachial

69
Q

What is the anatomical name for the wrist?

A

Carpal

70
Q

What is the anatomical name for the palm?

A

Palmar or volar

71
Q

What is the anatomical name for the fingers?

A

Digital or phalangeal

72
Q

What is the anatomical name for the skull?

A

Cranial

73
Q

What is the anatomical name for the face?

A

Facial

74
Q

What is the anatomical name for the forehead?

A

Frontal

75
Q

What is the anatomical name for the temple?

A

Temporal

76
Q

What is the anatomical name for the eye?

A

Orbital or ocular

77
Q

What is the anatomical name for the ear?

A

Otic

78
Q

What is the anatomical name for the cheek?

A

Buccal

79
Q

What is the anatomical name for the nose?

A

Nasal

80
Q

What is the anatomical name for the mouth?

A

Oral

81
Q

What is the anatomical name for the chin?

A

Mental

82
Q

What is the anatomical name for the breastbone?

A

Sternal

83
Q

What is the anatomical name for the breast?

A

Mammary

84
Q

What is the anatomical name for the hip?

A

Coxal

85
Q

What is the anatomical name for the groin?

A

Inguinal

86
Q

What is the anatomical name for the thumb?

A

Pollex

87
Q

What is the anatomical name for the hand?

A

Manual

88
Q

What is the anatomical name for the chest?

A

Thoracic

89
Q

What is the anatomical name for the abdomen?

A

Abdominal

90
Q

What is the anatomical name for the pelvis?

A

Pelvic

91
Q

What is the anatomical name for the thigh?

A

Femoral

92
Q

What is the anatomical name for the anterior surface of the knee?

A

Patellar

93
Q

What is the anatomical name for the leg?

A

Crural

94
Q

What is the anatomical name for the foot?

A

Pedal

95
Q

What is the anatomical name for the ankle?

A

Tarsal

96
Q

What is the anatomical name for toes?

A

Digital or phalangeal

97
Q

What is the anatomical name for pubis?

A

Pubic

98
Q

What is the anatomical name for the top of the foot?

A

Dorsum

99
Q

What is the anatomical name for the big toe?

A

Hallux

100
Q

What is the anatomical name for the base of the skull?

A

Occipital

101
Q

What is the anatomical name for the shoulder?

A

Acromial

102
Q

What is the anatomical name for the shoulder blade?

A

Scapular

103
Q

What is the anatomical name for the spinal column?

A

Vertebral

104
Q

What is the anatomical name for the back of the elbow?

A

Olecranal or cubital

105
Q

What is the anatomical name for between the hips?

A

Sacral

106
Q

What is the anatomical name for the tailbone?

A

Coccygeal

107
Q

What is the anatomical name for the loin?

A

Lumbar

108
Q

What is the anatomical name for the buttock?

A

Gluteal

109
Q

What is the anatomical name for the region between the external genitals and the anus?

A

Perineal

110
Q

What is the anatomical name for the back of the hand?

A

Dorsum

111
Q

What is the anatomical name for the hollow behind the knee?

A

Popliteal

112
Q

What is the anatomical name for the calf?

A

Sural

113
Q

What is the anatomical name for the sole?

A

Plantar

114
Q

What is the anatomical name for the heel?

A

Calcaneal

115
Q

Describe the direction term: superior

A

Toward the head, the upper part of a structure

116
Q

Describe the direction term: inferior

A

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure

117
Q

Describe the direction term: anterior

A

Nearer to or at the front of the body

Also called ventral in humans

118
Q

Describe the direction term: posterior

A

Nearer to or at the back of the body

Also called dorsal in humans

119
Q

Describe the direction term: medial

A

Nearer to the midline

120
Q

What is the midline?

A

Imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides

121
Q

Describe the direction term: lateral

A

Farther from the midline

122
Q

Describe the direction term: intermediate

A

Between two structures

123
Q

Describe the direction term: ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

124
Q

Describe the direction term: contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

125
Q

Describe the direction term: proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk, nearer to the originator of a structure

126
Q

Describe the direction term: distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk, farther from the ordination of a structure

127
Q

Describe the direction term: superficial

A

Toward or on the surface of the body

128
Q

Describe the direction term: deep (internal)

A

Away from the surface of the body

129
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides

130
Q

What is the midsagittal plane (median plane)?

A

Divides the body or organ into EQUAL left and right sides, also called the midline

131
Q

What is a parasagittal plane?

A

Vertical line that divides the body or organ into UNEQUAL left and right sides

132
Q

What is the frontal (coronal plane)?

A

Divides the body or and organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

133
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

Divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

134
Q

What are the other names for a transverse plane?

A
  1. Cross-sectional

2. Horizontal

135
Q

What is an oblique plane?

A

Passes through the body or organ at an oblique angle (not a 90-degree angle)

136
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs

137
Q

What body cavity contains the brain?

A

Cranial cavity

138
Q

What body cavity contains the spinal cord?

A

Vertebral (spinal) canal

139
Q

What body cavity contains the chest?

A

Thoracic cavity - ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum, thoracic portion of the vertebral column

140
Q

What body cavity contains the heart?

A

Pericardial cavity

141
Q

What body cavity contains each lung?

A

Pleural cavities

142
Q

What body cavity contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus?

A

Mediastinum

143
Q

What three cavities are in the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. Pleural
  2. Pericardial
  3. Mediastinum
144
Q

What two body cavities are in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. Abdominal cavity

2. Pelvic cavity

145
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

146
Q

What body cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, glad bladder, intestines?

A

Abdominal cavity

147
Q

What body cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, reproductive organs?

A

Pelvic cavity

148
Q

What are the organs called inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

Viscera

149
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures

150
Q

What is the serous membrane?

A

Covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and line the walls of the thorax and abdomen

151
Q

What are the two parts of a serous membrane?

A
  1. Parietal - thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities
  2. Visceral - thin epithelium that covers and adhere to the viscera within the cavity
152
Q

What is the pleura?

A

The serous membrane if the pleural cavities

153
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

154
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

155
Q

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

A
  1. Right hypochondriac region
  2. Right lumbar region
  3. Right Inguinal region
  4. Epigastric region
  5. Umbilical region
  6. Hypo gastric region
  7. Left hypochondriac region
  8. Left lumbar region
  9. Left Inguinal region
156
Q

What are the 4 lines drawn to make the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

A
  1. Subcostal line
  2. Transtubercular line
  3. Left midclavicular line
  4. Right midclavicular line
157
Q

What are the 4 quadrants?

A
  1. Right upper
  2. Right lower
  3. Left upper
  4. Left lower
158
Q

What is medical imaging?

A

Refers to techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body

159
Q

What is radiography?

A

X-Rays passes through the body, two-dimensional image
Inexpensive, quick, simple
Does not pass through dense structures (bones)

160
Q

What is an angiography?

A

Contrast X-ray used to image blood vessels

161
Q

What is an intravenous urography?

A

Contrast X-ray used to image the urinary system

162
Q

What is a barium contrast X-ray examine?

A

The gastrointestinal tract

163
Q

What is an MRI?

A

Body is exposed to a high-energy magnetic field, which causes protons in body fluids and tissues to arrange themselves in relation to the field
Relatively safe, cannot be used if there is metal in the body
Shows fine details of soft tissues, not bones.

164
Q

What is a DTI?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging - variation of MRI that tracks the movement of water molecules
Used in diagnosis of addictions, epilepsy, brain tumors, traumatic break injury, stroke, ms
Provides images of the brains white matter

165
Q

What is a CT?

A

Computed tomography - X-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body
Visualizes soft tissues and organs, multiple scans can produce a 3d image

166
Q

What is a coronary computed tomography angiography scan?

A

Used to see coronary artery blockages
Iodine containing contrast medium is injected into a vein and a beta blocker is given to decrease the heart beat
Numerous X-rays trace an arc around the heart
3d image

167
Q

What is an ultrasound?

A

Sound waves produced by a handheld wand reflect off body tissues, image can be still or moving
Safe, noninvasive, painless, no dyes
Used to see fetus

168
Q

What is a PET?

A

Positron emission tomography - substance that emits positrons is injected into the body where it is taken up by the tissues
Used to study physiology of a body structure - metabolism in the brain or heart

169
Q

What is radionuclide scanning?

A

A radioactive substance that is introduced intravenously

Used to study activity of a tissue or organ such as searching for malignant tumors in body tissue or organs

170
Q

What is an endoscopy?

A

Visual examination of the inside of body organs or cavities using a lighted instrument with camera

Biology - Chapters 1 - 10 (10 decks)

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