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Biology - Chapters 1 - 10 > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Regulates body temperatures
  2. Stores blood
  3. Protects body from external environment
  4. Detects cutaneous sensations
  5. Excretes and absorbs substances
  6. Synthesizes vitamin D
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1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

A group of organs working together - the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors

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2
Q

What does a bluish skin colour indicate?

A

Hypoxia - oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

A sign of heart failure

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3
Q

What is the dermatology?

A

The medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of integumentary system disorders

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4
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

The skin

Covers the external surface of the body

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5
Q

What are the two main parts that make up the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

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6
Q

Describe the epidermis.

A

The superficial, thinner portion which is composed of EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Avascular

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7
Q

Describe the dermis.

A

The deeper, thicker, CONNECTIVE TISSUE portion

Vascular

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8
Q

What is the subcutaneous layer?

A

Also called the hypodermis
Consists of areolar and adipose tissues
Fibers that extend from the dermis anchor the skin to the subcutaneous layer

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9
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer serve as?

A

Storage deposit for fat and contain large blood vessels that supply the skin

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10
Q

What are pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles?

A

Nerve endings in the subcutaneous layer, and sometimes in the dermis that are sensitive to pressure

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11
Q

What is the epidermis composed of? What 4 kinds of cells?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium cells

  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langehans cells
  4. Merkel cells
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12
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

Produce the protein keratin - a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, microbes, and chemicals
Arranged in 4 or 5 layers

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13
Q

What are lamellar granules?

A

Release a water-repellant sealant that decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the enters of foreign materials

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14
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Produce the pigment melanin

Their long slender projections extend between keratinocytes and transfer melanin granules to them

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15
Q

What is melanin?

A

A yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light

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16
Q

What do melanin granules do once they’re inside keratinocytes?

A

They cluster to form a protective veil over the nucleus, on the side towards the skin surface
They shield nuclear DNA from damage

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17
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Also called epidermal dendritic cells
Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
They participate in immune responses against microbes that invade the skin

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18
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis, where they contact the flattened process of a sensory neuron called a merkel disc
Detect touch sensations

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19
Q

What are the layers of thin skin called?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Granulosum
  4. Thin stratum corneum
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20
Q

What are the layers of thick skin called?

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Thick stratum corneum
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21
Q

Describe the stratum basale.

A

Deepest layer
Composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes
Some cells in this layer are stem cells that produce new keratinocytes

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22
Q

Describe stratum spinosum

A

Superficial to the stratum basale
Consists of keratinocytes arranged in 8-10 layers
Cells in more superficial layers become flattened
Some cells retain their ability to divide

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23
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Superficial to the stratum spinosum
Consists of 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis - programmed cell death
Father away from their source of nutrition

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24
Q

What is the distinctive feature of the cells in the stratum granulosum layer?

A

The presence of darkly staining granules of protein called keratohyalin

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25
Q

What is keratohyalin?

A

It assembles keratin intermediate filaments into keratin

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26
Q

What marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the superficial strata?

A

The stratum granulosum

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27
Q

What is stratum lucidum?

A

Present only in thick skin
Consists of 4-6 layers of flattened CLEAR, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes

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28
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Consists of 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes
Can range from a few cells to many
Cells no longer contain organelles
Cells are continuously shed

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29
Q

What is kertiniziation?

A

A process whereby cells accumulate more and more keratin as they are slowly pushed to the surface

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30
Q

How long does it take for cells on the stratum basale to rise to the surface?

A

4-6 weeks

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31
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

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32
Q

Which is thicker, the dermis or the epidermis?

A

The dermis

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33
Q

What kinds of cells are present in the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes

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34
Q

What are embedded in the dermis?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, glands and hair follicles

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35
Q

What are the two main regions of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary region

2. Reticular region

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36
Q

Describe the papillary region of the dermis.

A

1/5th of the thickness of the total layer
Dense irregular connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers
Contains dermal ridges, Meissner corpuscles, and free nerve endings

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37
Q

What greatly increases the surface area of the papillary region?

A

Dermal papillae - small, nipple shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis
Contain capillary loops

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38
Q

What are capillary loops? Where are the located?

A

In the dermal papillae

They are blood vessels

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39
Q

What are Meissner corpuscles? Where are they located?

A

Nerve endings that are sensitive to touch

In the dermal papillae

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40
Q

What free nerve endings? Where are they located?

A

In the dermal papillae
Dendrites that lack any apparent structural specialization
Give rise to sensations of warmth, coolness, pain, tickling, and itching

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41
Q

What is the reticular region?

A

Deeper portion of the dermis (about 4/5th)
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue with thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers
Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

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42
Q

What are epidermal ridges?

A

Downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis between the dermal papillae of the papillary region
Increases surface area of the epidermis, helps with grip by increasing friction

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43
Q

Where do sweat glands open onto?

A

On the tops of epidermal ridges, the sweat and ridges form fingerprints! Cool!

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44
Q

What are the three pigments that contribute to skin colour?

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Hemoglobin
  3. Carotene
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45
Q

What are the two different kinds of melanin? What colours do they produce?

A

Pheomelanin - yellow to red

Eumelanin - reddish-brown to black

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46
Q

What are freckles?

A

Melanin that has accumulated in patches

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47
Q

What is a mole?

A

A round, flat or raised area that represents a benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes

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48
Q

What is albinism?

A

The inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin

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49
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

The oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

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50
Q

What colour does carotene give?

A

Yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolks and carrots their colour

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51
Q

What is tattooing?

A

A permanent colouring of the skin with a foreign pigment into the dermis

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52
Q

What is body piercing?

A

The insertion of jewelry through an artificial opening

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53
Q

What are the accessory structures of the skin?

A

Hair, skin glands, and nails

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54
Q

Where is hair not found on the body?

A

Palms, palmar surfaces of the fingers, the soles and plantar surfaces of the feet

55
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

Hair on the head protects the scalp from injury and sun’s rays
Decreases heat loss
Functions in sensing light touch

56
Q

What is each hair composed of?

A

Hair is composed of columns of dead, keratinized epidermal cells bonded together by extracellular proteins

57
Q

What are the two main parts of the hair?

A

Shaft

Root

58
Q

What is the shaft?

A

The superficial portion of the hair, projects above the surface of the skin

59
Q

What is the root?

A

The portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis

60
Q

What are the three concentric layers of cells in hairs called?

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Cortex
  3. Cuticle
61
Q

What is the hair follicle?

A

Made up of the external root sheath and internal root sheath
Also called the epithelial root sheath

62
Q

What is responsible for the growth of existing hairs?

A

Hair matrix cells

63
Q

What produces new hairs?

A

Hair matrix cells, when old hairs are shed

64
Q

What is the outermost layer of the hair?

A

The dermal root sheath

65
Q

What is the bulb of a hair?

A

At the base of each hair follicle

Contains the papilla of the hair, contains areolar tissue and many blood vessels

66
Q

What causes goose bumps?

A

The smooth muscle (arrector pili)
Under physiological or emotional stress, autonomic nerve endings stimulate the arrector pili muscles to contract and the hair stand upright

67
Q

What generates nerve impulses if the hair shaft is moved?

A

The hair root plexus (dendrites of neurons that surround the hair follicle)

68
Q

What are the three stages of hair growth cycle?

A
  1. Growth stage
  2. Regression stage
  3. Resting stage
69
Q

What happens during the growth stage?

A

Cells of the hair matrix divide

Existing cells are pushed upwards are new cells are added

70
Q

What happens during the regression stage?

A

The cells in the hair matrix stop dividing

The hair follicle atrophies (shrinks)

71
Q

What happens during the resting stage?

A

Nothing, the hair follicle rests

Following a rest cycle, a new growth cycle begins

72
Q

What are lanugo?

A

Very fine, non pigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus

73
Q

What are terminal hairs?

A

Hairs that replace the lanugo of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp with long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs

74
Q

What are vellus hairs?

A

Short, fine, pale hairs that are barely visible

Replace lanugo on the rest of the body

75
Q

What causes hair colour?

A

The amount and type of melanin in its keratinized cells

76
Q

What pigment does brown/black hair contain?

A

Eumelanin

77
Q

What pigment does blond/red hair contain?

A

Variants of phenomelanin

78
Q

What are the exocrine glands associated with the skin?

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Ceruminous glands

79
Q

Describe sebaceous glands.

A

Oil glands
Simple, branched acinar (rounded) glands
Connected to hair follicles

80
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sebum - a mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and inorganic salts

81
Q

What is acne?

A

An inflammation of sebaceous glands

82
Q

Describe sudoriferous glands.

A

Sweat glands

Release sweat into hair follicles or onto the surface of the skin

83
Q

What are the two main types of sweat glands?

A
  1. Eccrine

2. Apocrine

84
Q

Describe eccrine sweat glands.

A

Simple, coiled tubular glands that are much more common than apocrine sweat glands
Main function is to regulate body temperature

85
Q

What are the two different kinds of perspiration?

A
  1. Insensible - sweat that evaporates from the skin before it is perceived as moisture
  2. Sensible - sweat that is excreted in large amounts and is seen as moisture
86
Q

Describe apocrine sweat glands.

A

Simple, coiled tubular glands

Mainly found on the skin of the armpit, groin, nipples, beaded region on the face

87
Q

How is apocrine sweat different from eccrine sweat?

A

Apocrine sweat appears milky or yellowish in color
Odourless
BUT when apocrine sweat mixes with bacteria on the skin, it causes body odor
Do not function until after puberty

88
Q

Describe ceruminous glands

A

Modified sweat glands in the external ear

Produce a waxy lubricating secretion

89
Q

What are nails?

A

Plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of the digits

90
Q

What are the three parts of a nail?

A
  1. Nail body
  2. Free edge
  3. Nail root
91
Q

What is the nail body?

A

Visible portion of the nail

Appears pink because of blood flowing through the capillaries in the underlying dermis

92
Q

What is the free edge?

A

Part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit
It is white b/c there are no underlying capillaries

93
Q

What is the nail root?

A

Is the portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin

94
Q

What is the lunula?

A

The whitish, crescent shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body

95
Q

What is the nail bed?

A

Hyponychium

Secures the nail to the fingertip

96
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Eponychium

A narrow band of epidermis that extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall

97
Q

What are the functions of nails?

A
  1. Protect the distal end of the digits
  2. Provide support and counter pressure to enhance touch perception and manipulation
  3. Allow us to grasp and manipulate small objects
98
Q

What are the two different types of skin?

A

Thin (hairy) skin

Thick (hairless) skin

99
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A 
Thermoregulation 
Storage of blood
Protection
Cutaneous sensations
Excretion and absorption
Synthesis of vitamin D
100
Q

Compare thick skin to thin skin.

A

Thick - hairless, no oil glands, more sweat glands, epidermal ridges, thicker strata spinosum and corneum, palms and soles
Thin - hairy, oil glands, fewer sweat glands, no epidermal ridges, thinner strata spinosum and corneum, all parts of the body expect palms and soles

101
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

Homeostatic regulation of body temperature

102
Q

How does the skin contribute to thermoregulation?

A

By liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood to the dermis

103
Q

How much blood does the skin house?

A

8 - 10% of the total blood in an adult

104
Q

How does the skin provide protection?

A

Keratin protects underlying tissues from microbes, abrasion, heat, and chemicals
Lipids inhibit the evaporation of water
Sebum stops hair and skin from drying out, and kills bacteria

105
Q

What are cutaneous sensations?

A

Sensations that arise in the skin - touch, pressure, vibration, tickling, warmth, coolness, pain,

106
Q

What substances can penetrate the skin?

A 
Lipid soluble materials  
Vitamins A, D, E and K
Certain drugs
Oxygen and carbon dioxide 
Topical steroids
107
Q

What are the two different kinds of wound healing?

A
  1. Epidermal wound healing

2. Deep wound healing

108
Q

How does an epidermal wound heal?

A

Basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break contact with the basement membrane
The cells then enlarge and migrate across the wound
Basal stem cells divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound
Relocated basal epidermal cells divide to build new strata, thus thickening the new epidermis

109
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

When epidermal cells encounter one another and stop migrating

110
Q

What is the hormone that causes basal stem cell to divide?

A

Epidermal growth factor

111
Q

When does deep wound healing occur?

A

When an injury extends into the dermis and subcutaneous layer

112
Q

What are the 4 phases of deep wound healing?

A
  1. Inflammatory phase
  2. Migratory phase
  3. Proliferation phase
  4. Maturation phase
113
Q

What happens during the inflammatory phase?

A

A blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites the wound edges
Involves inflammation - a vascular and cellular response that helps eliminate microbes
Enhance delivery of helpful cells - white blood cells (neutrophils), monocytes and mesenchymal cells

114
Q

What happens during the migratory phase?

A

The clot becomes a scab
Epithelial cells migrate beneath the scab to bridge the wound
Fibroblasts begin synthesizing scar tissue and damaged blood vessels begin to regrow

115
Q

During the migratory phase, what is the tissue filling the wound called?

A

Granulation tissue

116
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

Extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath the scab
Deposition by fibroblasts of collagen fibers in random patterns
Continued growth of blood vessels

117
Q

What happens during the maturation phase?

A

The scab sloughs off
Collagen fibers become more organized
Fibroblasts decrease in number
Blood vessels are returned to normal

118
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

The process of scar tissue formation

119
Q

What is a hypertrophic scar?

A

A scar that remains within the boundaries of the original wound

120
Q

What is a keloid scar?

A

Also called a cheloid scar

A scar that extends beyond the boundaries into normal surrounding tissue

121
Q

What are the characteristics of scar tissue?

A

Decreased elasticity
Fewer blood vessels
May or may not contain the same number of hair, skin glands or sensory structures
Usually lighter in colour

122
Q

What is the epidermis derived from?

A

The ectoderm - which covers the surface of the embryo

123
Q

When does the basal layer divide to form the periderm?

A

Beginning of the 7th week after fertilization

124
Q

What is the vernix caseosa? When does it form?

A

Secretions from sebaceous glands mix with peridermal cells and hairs to form a fatty substance called the vernix caseosa
5th month of development

125
Q

What does the vernix caseosa do?

A

Covers and protects the skin of the fetus from the constant exposure to amniotic fluid
Facilitates the birth b/c if it’s slippery nature

126
Q

What develops in the 11th week after fertilization?

A

Basal layer forms an intermediate layer

Epidermal ridges start to form

127
Q

What develops in the 12th week after fertilization?

A

Hair follicles develop as downgrowths of the basal layer into the deeper dermis

128
Q

What develops in the 4th month after fertilization?

A

Sebaceous (oil) glands develop as outgrowths from the sides of hair follicles
Most sudoriferous glands are derived from downgrowths of the stratum basale

129
Q

When do nails develop?

A

10 weeks

130
Q

What treatments diminish the effects of aging skin?

A
  1. Topical products
  2. Microdermabrasion
  3. Chemical peel
  4. Laser resurfacing
  5. Dermal fillers
  6. Fat transplantation
  7. Botox
  8. Radio frequency non surgical facelift
  9. Facelift
131
Q

What is the most common type of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinomas (78%)

132
Q

What are the risk factors for developing skin cancer?

A
  1. Skin type - light skin
  2. Sun exposure
  3. Family history
  4. Age
  5. Immunological status
133
Q

What are the different classes of burns?

A
  1. First degree - involves only the epidermis (sun burn)
  2. Second degree - involves epidermis and part of the dermis, blister formation, scarring may result
  3. Third degree - destroys epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. Burned region is numb
134
Q

What are the systemic effects of a major burn that are life threatening?

A
  1. Large loss of water, plasma, and plasma proteins
  2. Bacterial infections
  3. Reduced circulation of blood
  4. Decreased production of urine
  5. Diminished immune response
135
Q

How is the seriousness of a burn determined?

A

Depth and extent of the area involved, age, and general health
10% of body surface for 3rd degree burns
25% of body surface for 2nd degree burns
Any third degree burns on face, hands, feet or groin area

Biology - Chapters 1 - 10 (10 decks)

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