Chapter 9: Intelligence and Psychological Testing Flashcards
What are the two types of speed that are related to the cognitive way of measuring intelligence?
Perceptual– how soon can you see x appear?
Neurological– How long does it take to get to the cortex?
What are the three cognitive ways of measuring intelligence?
1– Speed of processing/retrieval
2– Knowledge base
3– Ability to aquire and adapt cognitive strategies
True or false, intelligence is a social construct
True
True or false, on IQ tests, males outscale females by 42 points
True
What year did Benais start to create a tool that would indicate who would benefit from more work?
1910
True or false, the SAT under predicts university success in females and over predicts it for men
True
When was the first standardized SAT created?
1926
What year was MENSA created?
1946
When was the Flynn effect recognized, and what does it explain?
1984
Each generation gains 15 pts in IQ, we get increasingly smart
What could explain the Flynn Effect?
Drop in # of malnourishment
Advances in technology
Better schools, # of test wise children
What is intelligence? (hint: stupid definition)
Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure, we can estimate, but we don’t know what it is
What does IQ measure and what are the schools of thought that go with them? (hint: 3 things)
1– Abstract thinking (structuralism)
2– Your ability to learn (behaviourism)
3– Your ability to adapt (darwinism, functionalism)
What does Charles Spearman have to sat about intelligence?
g- general intellectual factor common to a lot of tasks
s- specific, specific abilities, like music and motor skills
General capacity for brain to do intellectual work
What does Catell have to say about fluid and crystal intelligence?
Fluid intelligence: learn new things, allows you to solve new problems declines after 35 years
Crystal intelligence: informational, verbal. Requires application of previously acquired skills. Increases as the years go by
What does Gilford have to say about tacit knowledge?
tacit knowledge: knowledge you accumulate on the job
Correlates with increase in: pay, prestige, work experience
think: knowledge of university
What does Standford identify as the three types of intelligence?
1–analytical: well defined probs= well defined answer
2–creative: insight and ability to form new ideas
3–practical: required in everyday tasks
What are the 9 types of intelligence according to Gardner
Linguistic, mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily, interpersonal, natural, existential, intrapersonal
What is social intelligence?
Ability to comprehend and manage oneself in social situations
True or false, the industry often turns to personality tests instead of IQ tests
True
What is intrapersonal intelligence?
How much you can understand your emotions and yourself
What was Stanford Bennais’ theory of “mental age” and “chronological age” criticized for?
It levels off at 16 years of age
There is too much emphasis on the verbal ability of children
You can only study one person at a time
Do we like age or point scales?
Point
True or false, speed has been emphasized too much lately
True
Why do IQ tests need to be re-standardized?
Because of changing demographics
What are three traits of children at the upper end of the IQ scale?
1– Precocity: Showed interest in things early on and masted them
2– Fiercely independent: marched 2 own drum
3– Urge to master
What is the Savant syndrome?
Did not score high on general intellectual ability, but remarkable ability in specific domains
What has the hypothesis been about why savant syndrome happens?
blood flow to certain hemispheres
What is the correlation of IQ with your parents?
+.50
What are the two main categories of psychological testing?
1– Mental Ability Tests (intelligence, aptitude, and achievement)
2– Personality Tests (motives, interests, and values)
What are the three subcategories of mental ability tests?
Intelligence- general mental ability
Aptitude- specific types of mental abilities
Achievement- gauge a person’s mastery and knowledge of various subjects
What do personality tests measure?
Motives, Interests, Values, and Attitudes
What is a standardization group?
the sample of people that the norms on a test are based on
How is test-retest reliability estimated?
Getting two groups of people to do two different tests, with a week or so inbetween
What is content validity?
The degree to which the content is representative of the domain it is supposed to cover
What is criterion-related validity?
an estimate which predicts performance by correlating subjects’ scores on a test with their scores on an independent measure of the trait assessed by the test
What is construct validity?
the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct (creativity, extraversion)
True or false, content validity is crucial on classroom tests
True
True or false, criterion-related validity is critical when tests are used to predict performance
True
True or false, construct validity is critical when a test is designed to measure a hypothetical construct
True
What does Galton have to do with intelligence testing?
Studied how intelligence is inherited
Coined nature vs nurture
Created interest in measuring mental ability
What does Binet have to do with intelligence testing?
Published first useful test of general mental ability
Focused on abstract thinking skills rather than sensation
How does the Binet-Simon scale express a childs score?
Mental age and chronological age
What is Thurstone known for?
SAT test invention
Intelligence involves multiple abilities
What are the 7 primary mental abilities according to Thurstone?
Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
Are IQ tests reliable?
Yes, however, interpreting test scores may cause issues
What did Claude Steele mean by stereotype vulnerability?
People of colour have internalized the idea that they’re not as bright and worry they’ll be thought of as inferior..
stigmas undermine accomplishments and achievements
How does stereotype vulnerability affect IQ testing?
It undermines investment.. causes test anxiety
What are the two forms test anxiety can take?
Somatic and cognitive anxiety
True or false, we will never have a culture free IQ test
True
Why don’t we study wisdom?
It’s vague
Not scientific
Domain of old age
We emphasize intelligence
True or false, wisdom represents inner harmony
True
What are the 7 attributes of wisdom that we value as a society?
Interrelatedness, resilience, empathy, humour, humility, recognition that sustained relationships can be complex , caring
Identify the cognitive, emotional, and behaviour dimensions of wisdom
Cognitive- irony, being able to see gems of comedy in tradgedy
Emotional- empathy
Behavioural- active caring
Does IQ measure creativity?
No
What are the three characteristics of something creative?
Original, novel, and useful
What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking?
Divergent- think about all possibilities “brainstorming”
Convergent- find 1 most useful, original, and novel idea
What did Torrins have to say about creative individuals thought process?
They typically have divergent thinking followed by convergent
Why are creativity scores dropping but intelligence scores rising?
Because of the public school system.. there’s no freedom from concrete facts
Do creativity tests have little or a lot of validity?
Little
True or false, cognitive flexibility is one of the keys to creativity
True
What are Daniel Perkins 6 dimensions of his “snowflake model” of creativity?
Personal aethetic- order simplicity in midst of chaos
Excel at finding problems
mental mobility- use different perspectives
take risks- accept failure as part of creative process
objective- loves criticism
intrinsic motivation- doing things because you love doing them
What are Sternberg’s 5 Dimensions of creativity?
Expertise Imaginative thinking skills- impose order Venturesome- seeks new experiences Intrinsic motivation Creative environment
How do we undermine creativity?
By receiving the wrong type of reward
Not allowing the circumstances for children to be creative
True or false, intelligence fosters vocational success, but the strength of the relationship is modest
True
Are IQ tests widely used in other cultures?
In Western cultures, yes, in non-Western cultures, rarely
When do IQ scores tend to stabilize?
Around 7-9 years
What is an intellectual disability?
Subnormal general mental ability accompanied by defences in adaptive skills, originating before age 18
What are the three everyday adaptive domains?
Conceptual skills: managing money, writing a letter
Social skills: making friends
Practical skills: using transit, preparing meals
What are the different levels of intellectual disability and what are they characterized by?
Mild: may need help with stress, normally small issues only in school
Moderate: needs help with even mild stress
Severe: Limited speech and toilet habits
Profound: little to no speech, not toilet trained
What is Fragile X Syndome characterized by?
FRM Gene
Hereditary intellectual disability
Inhibitory control deficit, may activate neural activity irrelevant to tasks
What causes PKU children?
severe protein deficiency
True or false, the vast majority of children with mild disability come from lower socioeconomic classes
True
True or false, Autism is often linked to savants
True
True or false, the psychocsocial adjustment of gifted individuals may depend in part on their level of giftedness
True
What is Terman known for?
Study of gifted children
What are the three factors that Joseph Renzulli says children with high IQ’s depend on to become eminent adults?
High intelligence
High motivation
High creativity
Explain Micheal Pyryts theory of the “hidden gifted”
those who are under performing in school are not identified as gifted, therefore are not allowed the opportunities of special education
True or false, IQs under 70 are usually diagnostic of intellectual disability
True
True or false, diagnosticians are unable to pinpoint a biological cause in 30-50 cases of intellectual disabilities
True
True or false children with an IQ of above 130 are considered gifted
True
Explain the drudge theory
determination, hard work, and intensive training are key to achieving eminence
True or false, theorists who believe that intelligence is largely inherited downplay the value of special educational programs for underprivileged children
True
True or false, if high intelligence appears in a family over generations, the consistency can reflect the influence of genes or shared environment
True
Why are identical twins more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins?
Because in identical twins there is greater genetic similarity
What do critics of twin studies have to say about identical twins and their IQ? What do they think affects the high correlation rates?
Their environment, parents tend to treat identical twins more similarly.. and they’re the same sex
What is a heritability ratio?
an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
think: heritability is height 90%, heritability of weight 85%
What are the limitations of heritability estimates?
it’s a group statistic- cannot be applied meaningfully to an indiv.
a traits heritability can vary from one group to another
there is no single fixed value that represents any constant value for heritability of IQ or anything
Explain the cumulative deprivation hypothesis?
children raised in substandard circumstances should experience a gradual decline in IQ as they get older.
What is Sandra Scarr known for?
heredity may set certain limits on intelligence and that environmental factors determine where indiv. fall within these limits
“reaction range”
What does the term “reaction range” mean?
genetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits)
What does the reaction range theory explain about intelligent children in deprived environments?
Why high IQ children come from poor environments and vice versa
What is Jensen known for? (2 points)
1) intelligence is largely genetic in origin
2) genetic factors are strongly impacted as the cause of ethnic differences in intelligence
Why is Rushton so controversial?
because he had strong views about race and IQ
Identify two flaws and weaknesses of the heritability explanation of ethnic differences in IQ
a heritability estimate only applies to the specific group
they have been based on studies dominated by white subjects
True or false, even if within-group differences in IQ are highly heritable, between-groups differences in avg IQ could still be caused entirely by environmental factors
True
True or false, between-groups differences in IQ do not necessarily reflect genetic differences
True
What are the three explanations for the culture gap in intelligence?
Socioeconomic Disadvantage: lower class upbringing= lower IQ Stereotype Threat: stereotype vulnerability issues Cultural Bias on IQ Tests: too reflective of white culture
Who coined the term stereotype vulnerability and what does it mean?
stereotypes of stigmatized groups’ intellectual capabilities create feelings of vulnerability in the educational system
they worry that people are blaming their failures on their race
How does stigmatized groups’ apprehension of confirming negative stereotypes contribute to academic underachievement? (2 ways)
(Steele: Stereotype Vulnerability)
It can undermine emotional investment in academic work (disidentifying with school because there’s not enough feedback)
IQ tests may be particularly anxiety arousing for stigmatized groups because the importance attributed to the tests makes ones stereotype vulnerability particularly salient
What do estimates of heritability of intelligence range around?
40-80%
What 5 brain structures do Jung and Haier think that intelligence depends on?
Brocas and wernickes area, prefrontal cortex, somatosensory association cortex, visual association cortex, and anterior cingulate
True or false, greater IQ is related to increased longevity
True
What is the cognitive perspective of intelligence?
How people USE their intelligence
process rather than amount
information processing strategies that underline intelligence
Explain Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of human intelligence (cognitive perspective)
Contextual: intelligence is a culturally defined concept
experiential: intell. behav. is defined by being able to deal with new tasks, and being able to handle familiar tasks automatically
componential subtheories: intell. thought depends on metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge comp.
True or false, Sternberg believes that IQ tests place too much emphasis on speed
True
What 3 things come together to create “successful intelligence” according to Sternberg?
creative intelligence: generate new ideas, inventive problem solving
practical intelligence: street smarts
and analytical: abstract reasoning, judgement
Can all 3 components of Sternberg’s successful intelligence theory be reliably measured?
yes
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to percieve and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand, reason, and regulate emotion
What emotional intelligence test has the strongest empirical foundation?
MEIS
Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale
Explain the criticism of the emotional intelligence concept?
should sophistication of emotion be viewed as a form of intelligence
needs to be studied more
True or false, modern intelligence tests place a greater emphasis on the measurement of specific mental abilities and less emphasis on Spearmans “g” than their predecessors
True
True or false, the distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence is the basis for the most recent revision of the Stanford-Binet IQ test
True
True or false, research on intelligence increasingly uses a cognitive perspective (how people use their intelligence)
True
True or false, psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
True
What is Galton known for?
Took the position that intelligence is largely determined by heredity
