Chapter 9: Intelligence and Psychological Testing Flashcards
0
Q
What are the two types of speed that are related to the cognitive way of measuring intelligence?
A
Perceptual– how soon can you see x appear?
Neurological– How long does it take to get to the cortex?
1
Q
What are the three cognitive ways of measuring intelligence?
A
1– Speed of processing/retrieval
2– Knowledge base
3– Ability to aquire and adapt cognitive strategies
2
Q
True or false, intelligence is a social construct
A
True
3
Q
True or false, on IQ tests, males outscale females by 42 points
A
True
4
Q
What year did Benais start to create a tool that would indicate who would benefit from more work?
A
1910
5
Q
True or false, the SAT under predicts university success in females and over predicts it for men
A
True
6
Q
When was the first standardized SAT created?
A
1926
7
Q
What year was MENSA created?
A
1946
8
Q
When was the Flynn effect recognized, and what does it explain?
A
1984
Each generation gains 15 pts in IQ, we get increasingly smart
9
Q
What could explain the Flynn Effect?
A
Drop in # of malnourishment
Advances in technology
Better schools, # of test wise children
10
Q
What is intelligence? (hint: stupid definition)
A
Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure, we can estimate, but we don’t know what it is
11
Q
What does IQ measure and what are the schools of thought that go with them? (hint: 3 things)
A
1– Abstract thinking (structuralism)
2– Your ability to learn (behaviourism)
3– Your ability to adapt (darwinism, functionalism)
12
Q
What does Charles Spearman have to sat about intelligence?
A
g- general intellectual factor common to a lot of tasks
s- specific, specific abilities, like music and motor skills
General capacity for brain to do intellectual work
13
Q
What does Catell have to say about fluid and crystal intelligence?
A
Fluid intelligence: learn new things, allows you to solve new problems declines after 35 years
Crystal intelligence: informational, verbal. Requires application of previously acquired skills. Increases as the years go by
14
Q
What does Gilford have to say about tacit knowledge?
A
tacit knowledge: knowledge you accumulate on the job
Correlates with increase in: pay, prestige, work experience
think: knowledge of university
15
Q
What does Standford identify as the three types of intelligence?
A
1–analytical: well defined probs= well defined answer
2–creative: insight and ability to form new ideas
3–practical: required in everyday tasks
16
Q
What are the 9 types of intelligence according to Gardner
A
Linguistic, mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily, interpersonal, natural, existential, intrapersonal
17
Q
What is social intelligence?
A
Ability to comprehend and manage oneself in social situations
18
Q
True or false, the industry often turns to personality tests instead of IQ tests
A
True
19
Q
What is intrapersonal intelligence?
A
How much you can understand your emotions and yourself
20
Q
What was Stanford Bennais’ theory of “mental age” and “chronological age” criticized for?
A
It levels off at 16 years of age
There is too much emphasis on the verbal ability of children
You can only study one person at a time
21
Q
Do we like age or point scales?
A
Point
22
Q
True or false, speed has been emphasized too much lately
A
True
23
Q
Why do IQ tests need to be re-standardized?
A
Because of changing demographics
24
What are three traits of children at the upper end of the IQ scale?
1-- Precocity: Showed interest in things early on and masted them
2-- Fiercely independent: marched 2 own drum
3-- Urge to master
25
What is the Savant syndrome?
Did not score high on general intellectual ability, but remarkable ability in specific domains
26
What has the hypothesis been about why savant syndrome happens?
blood flow to certain hemispheres
27
What is the correlation of IQ with your parents?
+.50
28
What are the two main categories of psychological testing?
1-- Mental Ability Tests (intelligence, aptitude, and achievement)
2-- Personality Tests (motives, interests, and values)
29
What are the three subcategories of mental ability tests?
Intelligence- general mental ability
Aptitude- specific types of mental abilities
Achievement- gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects
30
What do personality tests measure?
Motives, Interests, Values, and Attitudes
31
What is a standardization group?
the sample of people that the norms on a test are based on
32
How is test-retest reliability estimated?
Getting two groups of people to do two different tests, with a week or so inbetween
33
What is content validity?
The degree to which the content is representative of the domain it is supposed to cover
34
What is criterion-related validity?
an estimate which predicts performance by correlating subjects' scores on a test with their scores on an independent measure of the trait assessed by the test
35
What is construct validity?
the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct (creativity, extraversion)
36
True or false, content validity is crucial on classroom tests
True
37
True or false, criterion-related validity is critical when tests are used to predict performance
True
38
True or false, construct validity is critical when a test is designed to measure a hypothetical construct
True
39
What does Galton have to do with intelligence testing?
Studied how intelligence is inherited
Coined nature vs nurture
Created interest in measuring mental ability
40
What does Binet have to do with intelligence testing?
Published first useful test of general mental ability
| Focused on abstract thinking skills rather than sensation
41
How does the Binet-Simon scale express a childs score?
Mental age and chronological age
42
What is Thurstone known for?
SAT test invention
| Intelligence involves multiple abilities
43
What are the 7 primary mental abilities according to Thurstone?
Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory
44
Are IQ tests reliable?
Yes, however, interpreting test scores may cause issues
45
What did Claude Steele mean by stereotype vulnerability?
People of colour have internalized the idea that they're not as bright and worry they'll be thought of as inferior..
stigmas undermine accomplishments and achievements
46
How does stereotype vulnerability affect IQ testing?
It undermines investment.. causes test anxiety
47
What are the two forms test anxiety can take?
Somatic and cognitive anxiety
48
True or false, we will never have a culture free IQ test
True
49
Why don't we study wisdom?
It's vague
Not scientific
Domain of old age
We emphasize intelligence
50
True or false, wisdom represents inner harmony
True
51
What are the 7 attributes of wisdom that we value as a society?
Interrelatedness, resilience, empathy, humour, humility, recognition that sustained relationships can be complex , caring
52
Identify the cognitive, emotional, and behaviour dimensions of wisdom
Cognitive- irony, being able to see gems of comedy in tradgedy
Emotional- empathy
Behavioural- active caring
53
Does IQ measure creativity?
No
54
What are the three characteristics of something creative?
Original, novel, and useful
55
What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking?
Divergent- think about all possibilities "brainstorming"
| Convergent- find 1 most useful, original, and novel idea
56
What did Torrins have to say about creative individuals thought process?
They typically have divergent thinking followed by convergent
57
Why are creativity scores dropping but intelligence scores rising?
Because of the public school system.. there's no freedom from concrete facts
58
Do creativity tests have little or a lot of validity?
Little
59
True or false, cognitive flexibility is one of the keys to creativity
True
60
What are Daniel Perkins 6 dimensions of his "snowflake model" of creativity?
Personal aethetic- order simplicity in midst of chaos
Excel at finding problems
mental mobility- use different perspectives
take risks- accept failure as part of creative process
objective- loves criticism
intrinsic motivation- doing things because you love doing them
61
What are Sternberg's 5 Dimensions of creativity?
```
Expertise
Imaginative thinking skills- impose order
Venturesome- seeks new experiences
Intrinsic motivation
Creative environment
```
62
How do we undermine creativity?
By receiving the wrong type of reward
| Not allowing the circumstances for children to be creative
63
True or false, intelligence fosters vocational success, but the strength of the relationship is modest
True
64
Are IQ tests widely used in other cultures?
In Western cultures, yes, in non-Western cultures, rarely
65
When do IQ scores tend to stabilize?
Around 7-9 years
66
What is an intellectual disability?
Subnormal general mental ability accompanied by defences in adaptive skills, originating before age 18
67
What are the three everyday adaptive domains?
Conceptual skills: managing money, writing a letter
Social skills: making friends
Practical skills: using transit, preparing meals
68
What are the different levels of intellectual disability and what are they characterized by?
Mild: may need help with stress, normally small issues only in school
Moderate: needs help with even mild stress
Severe: Limited speech and toilet habits
Profound: little to no speech, not toilet trained
69
What is Fragile X Syndome characterized by?
FRM Gene
Hereditary intellectual disability
Inhibitory control deficit, may activate neural activity irrelevant to tasks
70
What causes PKU children?
severe protein deficiency
71
True or false, the vast majority of children with mild disability come from lower socioeconomic classes
True
72
True or false, Autism is often linked to savants
True
73
True or false, the psychocsocial adjustment of gifted individuals may depend in part on their level of giftedness
True
74
What is Terman known for?
Study of gifted children
75
What are the three factors that Joseph Renzulli says children with high IQ's depend on to become eminent adults?
High intelligence
High motivation
High creativity
76
Explain Micheal Pyryts theory of the "hidden gifted"
those who are under performing in school are not identified as gifted, therefore are not allowed the opportunities of special education
77
True or false, IQs under 70 are usually diagnostic of intellectual disability
True
78
True or false, diagnosticians are unable to pinpoint a biological cause in 30-50 cases of intellectual disabilities
True
79
True or false children with an IQ of above 130 are considered gifted
True
80
Explain the drudge theory
determination, hard work, and intensive training are key to achieving eminence
81
True or false, theorists who believe that intelligence is largely inherited downplay the value of special educational programs for underprivileged children
True
82
True or false, if high intelligence appears in a family over generations, the consistency can reflect the influence of genes or shared environment
True
83
Why are identical twins more similar in intelligence than fraternal twins?
Because in identical twins there is greater genetic similarity
84
What do critics of twin studies have to say about identical twins and their IQ? What do they think affects the high correlation rates?
Their environment, parents tend to treat identical twins more similarly.. and they're the same sex
85
What is a heritability ratio?
an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
think: heritability is height 90%, heritability of weight 85%
86
What are the limitations of heritability estimates?
it's a group statistic- cannot be applied meaningfully to an indiv.
a traits heritability can vary from one group to another
there is no single fixed value that represents any constant value for heritability of IQ or anything
87
Explain the cumulative deprivation hypothesis?
children raised in substandard circumstances should experience a gradual decline in IQ as they get older.
88
What is Sandra Scarr known for?
heredity may set certain limits on intelligence and that environmental factors determine where indiv. fall within these limits
"reaction range"
89
What does the term "reaction range" mean?
genetically determined limits on IQ (or other traits)
90
What does the reaction range theory explain about intelligent children in deprived environments?
Why high IQ children come from poor environments and vice versa
91
What is Jensen known for? (2 points)
1) intelligence is largely genetic in origin
| 2) genetic factors are strongly impacted as the cause of ethnic differences in intelligence
92
Why is Rushton so controversial?
because he had strong views about race and IQ
93
Identify two flaws and weaknesses of the heritability explanation of ethnic differences in IQ
a heritability estimate only applies to the specific group
| they have been based on studies dominated by white subjects
94
True or false, even if within-group differences in IQ are highly heritable, between-groups differences in avg IQ could still be caused entirely by environmental factors
True
95
True or false, between-groups differences in IQ do not necessarily reflect genetic differences
True
96
What are the three explanations for the culture gap in intelligence?
```
Socioeconomic Disadvantage: lower class upbringing= lower IQ
Stereotype Threat: stereotype vulnerability issues
Cultural Bias on IQ Tests: too reflective of white culture
```
97
Who coined the term stereotype vulnerability and what does it mean?
stereotypes of stigmatized groups' intellectual capabilities create feelings of vulnerability in the educational system
they worry that people are blaming their failures on their race
98
How does stigmatized groups' apprehension of confirming negative stereotypes contribute to academic underachievement? (2 ways)
(Steele: Stereotype Vulnerability)
It can undermine emotional investment in academic work (disidentifying with school because there's not enough feedback)
IQ tests may be particularly anxiety arousing for stigmatized groups because the importance attributed to the tests makes ones stereotype vulnerability particularly salient
99
What do estimates of heritability of intelligence range around?
40-80%
100
What 5 brain structures do Jung and Haier think that intelligence depends on?
Brocas and wernickes area, prefrontal cortex, somatosensory association cortex, visual association cortex, and anterior cingulate
101
True or false, greater IQ is related to increased longevity
True
102
What is the cognitive perspective of intelligence?
How people USE their intelligence
process rather than amount
information processing strategies that underline intelligence
103
Explain Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of human intelligence (cognitive perspective)
Contextual: intelligence is a culturally defined concept
experiential: intell. behav. is defined by being able to deal with new tasks, and being able to handle familiar tasks automatically
componential subtheories: intell. thought depends on metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge comp.
104
True or false, Sternberg believes that IQ tests place too much emphasis on speed
True
105
What 3 things come together to create "successful intelligence" according to Sternberg?
creative intelligence: generate new ideas, inventive problem solving
practical intelligence: street smarts
and analytical: abstract reasoning, judgement
106
Can all 3 components of Sternberg's successful intelligence theory be reliably measured?
yes
107
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to percieve and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand, reason, and regulate emotion
108
What emotional intelligence test has the strongest empirical foundation?
MEIS
| Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale
109
Explain the criticism of the emotional intelligence concept?
should sophistication of emotion be viewed as a form of intelligence
needs to be studied more
110
True or false, modern intelligence tests place a greater emphasis on the measurement of specific mental abilities and less emphasis on Spearmans "g" than their predecessors
True
111
True or false, the distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence is the basis for the most recent revision of the Stanford-Binet IQ test
True
112
True or false, research on intelligence increasingly uses a cognitive perspective (how people use their intelligence)
True
113
True or false, psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
True
114
What is Galton known for?
Took the position that intelligence is largely determined by heredity
