Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology 102 > Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
0
Q

True or false, goals can be the result of both intentional and automatic activation?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are motives?

A

the needs, wants, interests, and desires that send people in certain directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What time was the Drive theory explored the most, and by who?

A

Clark Hull, in 1940s and 1950s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do drive theories apply to behaviour?

A

applies homeostasis to behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a drive?

A

an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false, homeostasis is irrelevant to some human motives?

A

true! such as a thirst for knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

does motivation exist without drive arousal? ie. getting popcorn or ice cream after a movie because of an advertisment, not because you’re hungry

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the disadvantage to drive theories?

A

They cannot explain all motivation, such as motivation without drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false, incentive theories propose that external stimuli regulate motivation

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is incentive?

A

an external goal that can motivate behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false, drive theories emphasize how internal states of tension push people in certain directions

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false, incentive theories emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When speaking of drive theories, the source of motivation lies:
outside or within the individual?

A

within the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When speaking of incentive theories, does the source of motivation lie within our outside of the individual?

A

outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do incentive theories or drive theories operate according to the principle of homeostasis?

A

drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What theory emphasizes environmental factors and downplays the biological bases of motivation

A

Incentive theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

According to expectancy-value models, ones motivation to pursue a particular course of action will depend on what two factors?

A

1– expectancy, about ones chances of obtaining the incentive
2– value, of desired incentive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the evolutionary theory of motivation?

A

explaining motives in terms of dominance, aggression, and sex drive in terms of their adaptive value..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two agreed upon types of motives humans have?

A

biological and social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

identify 3 biological motives and 3 social motives

A

biological: thirst, hunger, and sex
social: play, achievement, and autonomy (independence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false, people have a limited number of biological needs

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

According to K.B Madsen, most theories identify 10-15 biological needs, but people can acquire social motives through what?

A

socialization and learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Henry Murray associated with?

A

Social motives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When speaking of social motives associated with Henry Murray, what do the following motives mean?
Affiliation, nurturance, and exhibition

A

Affiliation: the need for social bonds
Nurturance: the need to care for others
Exhibition: the need to make an impression on others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Do social motives vary from person to person? If so, why?

A

yes, because off learning and socialization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the three motives that most psychologists study in detail?

A

hunger, sex, and achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What do evolutionary psychologists believe is behind motives?

A

products of evolution and natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In 1912, Walter Cannon and Washburn studied hunger.. what did they find out?

A

there is an association between stomach contractions and hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What “controls” hunger?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

in the 1940s and 1950s, what brain structures did we believe controlled hunger?

A

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) and Ventromedical Nucleus of the Hypothalamus (VMH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What brain structures do we believe control hunger today?

A

2 parts of the hypothalamus:
Arcutate Nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
the arcutate is very important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or False, Contemporary theories of hunger focus more on neural circuits that pass through the hypothalamus rather than anatomical centres in the brain

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is glucose and how is it made?

A

a simple sugar that is a source of energy, made by food taken into the body which is converted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Do actions that decrease blood glucose levels increase or decrease hunger?

A

increase hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does the glucostatic theory propose?

A

that fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored in the brain where they influence hunger feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What part of the thalamus is sensitive to glucose fluctuations that contribute to the modulation of eating?

A

The arcutate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where is insulin secreted from, and what is it?

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The more insulin secreted, the more what?

A

hunger feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is ghrelin, and when is it secreted?

A

after going without food for a while, and it is a hormone secreted to create stomach contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is CCK and when is it secreted?

A

It is secreted after food is consumed, it reduces hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is leptin, and what does it do?

A

hormone, in charge of regulation of hunger and other bodily functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How is leptin produced?

A

through fat cells.. Higher levels of fat= higher levels of leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

true or false, the higher leptin in your blood stream, the less you feel hunger

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where do the hormones (insulin, ghrelin, CCK, and leptin) converge in the body? 1 brain structure, 2 exact spots

A

Hypothalamus, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

True or false, hunger is regulated by environmental factors as well as biological

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are 3 environmental factors of hunger regulation?

A

1– availability of food
2– learned preferences/ habits
3– stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

If a psychologist believes that hunger is related to incentives, what 4 variables exert significant influence over food consumption?

A

1) palatability- better it tastes, more you eat
2) quantity available- more food avail, more you eat
3) variety- more variety, more you eat
4) presence of others- more people, more you eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is sensory-specific satiety?

A

as you eat a specific food, the incentive value declines.

think: only doritos and tortillas every day, they wouldn’t seem so appealing after a while

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

true or false, hunger and eating are governed in part by incentive qualities of food?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

true or false, learning wields a great deal of influence over what people prefer to eat

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

true or false, taste preferences are partly a function of learned associations formed through classical conditioning

A

true

think: food poisoning bout, that food is paired with a crappy stimulus, therefore it was classically conditioned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

True or false, eating habits are shaped by observational learning

A

true

think: seeing parents eat a food, you’re more likely to try it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

true or false, people can have a genetic vulnerability to obesity

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

true or false, for overweight people, their energy intake from food exceeds their energy expenditure

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Stanley Schachter created the “externality hypothesis” of obesity. Explain what it is..

A

obese people are extra sensitive to external cues that effect hunger and are insensitive to internal physiological cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What was wrong with Schacter’s externality hypothesis according to researchers today?

A

it was oversimplified and overstated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

true or false, today, we believe that external cues do have a greater impact on the food intake of obese individuals

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Who made the distinction between normative and sensory external cues, and what are they?

A

Herman and Polivy.
Normative cues- socially appropriate food intake (what, when, how)
Sensory cues- palatability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What type of cues do Herman and Polivy argue that obese people are especially sensitive to?

A

Sensory external

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Is the externality hypothesis relevant today?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Who created the idea of a “set point?”

A

Richard Keesey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is a set point?

A

A natural point of stability in body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does the set point theory propose?

A

that the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them (and weight) fairly stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is the settling point theory?

A

Weight tends to remain stable as long as there are no durable changes in any of the factors that influence it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if the ventromedial nucleus of a rat’s brain is destroyed by lesioning?

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if the glucose level in Marlene’s bloodstream decreases?

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if Norman just ate, but his roommate just brought home pizza?

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if you’re offered an exotic, strange-looking food from a different culture and told that everyone in that culture likes it?

A

most likely decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if you are just given an injection of leptin?

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if you’re stressed?

A

most likely increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if you broke away from a diet?

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Which type of theory explains motives in terms of their adaptive value?
evolutionary or drive theories

A

evolutionary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Are lateral and ventromedial areas of the hypothalamus (on-off centres) or the Arcuate and paraventricular areas and neural circuits more important in todays theory of hunger?

A

Arcuate and paraventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Identify the 4 phases of the human sexual response and what happens during each

A

1) Excitement– physical arousal happens quickly, blood vessels swell
2) Plateau- slow arousal, tightening of vaginal entrance, preejaculate
3) Orgasm- Peak arousal intensity, muscle contractions
4) Resolution- refractory period, all changes subside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is vasocongestion?

A

When blood vessels engorge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What happens during the excitement phase of the sexual response?

A

Vasocongestion and increased heart rate/respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What happens during the plateau phase of the sexual response

A

Women continue to have vasocongestion which leads to tightening
Men may release pre-ejaculate
Fluctuations of arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What happens during the orgasm phase of sexual response?

A

increase in heart rate, increase in respiratory rate, muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What happens during the resolution phase of sexual responses?

A

physiological changes subside, refractory period

79
Q

What is Robert Triver’s “Parental Investment” theory?

A

a species mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest to produce and nurture offspring
(in terms of time, energy, and survival risk)

80
Q

What question does motivation answer about human behaviour?

A

Why

81
Q

True or false, we can only infer why someone is motivated to do something

A

true

82
Q

Does intelligence desire to conquer or to be harmonious?

A

intelligence desires to conquer

wisdom desires to be harmonious

83
Q

What are the 6 ways theorists see people and their life/motivation?
hint: machines

A 
1- pawns of fate 
2- similar to animals
3- masters of fate
4- unconscious beings 
5- similar to machines
6- social products
84
Q

Identify the 5 different types of drives

A 
1- regulatory
2- safety
3- reproductive
4- social 
5- educative
85
Q

What does a regulatory drive do?

A

statis homeostasis needs
hunger, thirst
they promote survival

86
Q

What does a safety drive do?

A

protect us from danger, avoiding pain and injury

87
Q

What is a reproductive drive responsible for?

A

caring for offspring, jealousy

88
Q

Is a reproductive drive powerful?

A

yes, very

89
Q

What are social drives responsible for?

A

achievement etc

90
Q

What are educative drives responsible for?

A

Learning, curiosity, and exploring

91
Q

Explain the optimal arousal theory

hint: what if arousal is too high or too low?

A

If arousal is too high, you will become dormant
If arousal is too low, you will become active

think: exam: HIGH arousal, LOW performance OR
sensory deprivation: LOW arousal, HIGH emotion

92
Q

Explain the evolutionary theory of human motivation

hint: why do people act certain ways?

A

Human motives are a result of evolution, behaviours that are successful reproductively are continued on.

93
Q

Males and Females differ in what makes them jealous. What makes a woman jealous, typically?

A

Emotional infidelity

94
Q

Men consistently overestimate women’s ______ and women underestimate men’s ______

A

Desire for sex

Commitment

95
Q

What is “wrong” with the evolutionary theory of motivation? Give 3 reasons why it could be considered “wrong”

A

Emphasizes biological determinism
Legitimizes social constructs and arrangements
Ignores cultural and social factors

96
Q

What is a drive stimulus?

A

A stimulus that directs behaviour

eg. low glucose= hunger

97
Q

What is an incentive and what does it do to drives?

A

reduces drive state, eliminating exploratory drive
food- hunger
sleep-tiredness

98
Q

What does an instrumental act do to a drive?

A

brings you to the presence of the incentive..

think: getting up and going to the washroom

99
Q

What is a consummatory response, and what does it do to a drive?

A

eliminates drive

drinking when thirsty, ejaculating, peeing when you need to

100
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary drive?

A

Primary drive: for tissue needs/survival ALWAYS HOMEOSTATIC

Secondary drive: learned drives

101
Q

True or false, a primary drive is always homeostatic

A

true

102
Q

You’re in a hot yoga class.. you decide you want some water..
is a primary or secondary drive directing you to drink water? why?

A

Primary, because having water is a tissue need, and is also homeostatic

103
Q

What does homeostatic mean?

A

When your body seeks and maintains a balance or equilibrium within it’s internal environment

104
Q

True or false, an incentive theory would be considered part of a pull theory

A

true

105
Q

Explain the incentive theory

A

External stimulus pulls you

eg. BA, promotion

106
Q

Does the incentive theory or pull theory rely on homeostatic drives?

A

no

107
Q

Explain what the expectancy value model is, and what theory it fits in with

A

Fits in with incentive or pull theory
expectancy: what are the chances you can achieve this?
value: how much do you value this, how important is it?
when you have HIGH expectancy and HIGH value, you have HIGH motivation

108
Q

True or false, according to the expectancy value model (incentive theory) what happens if you have HIGH expectancy and HIGH value of a particular goal?

A

you will have HIGH motivation

109
Q

What are the 3 Antecedents of behaviour?

A

1– Deprivation–> no food, higher drive level OR no patterned stim. brain issues
2– Stimulational factors–> Attractive=move towards
3– History of organism–> learning, experience, culture

110
Q

When speaking of the antecedents of behaviour, what is meant by Stimulational factors?

A

when something is attractive, you move toward it

111
Q

When speaking of antecedents of behaviour, what is meant by history of the organism?

A

Behaviour will depend on the learning, experience, and culture of the organism

112
Q

What benefit comes from men overestimating womens sexual desire for them?

A

to ensure that males do not overlook sexual opportunities

113
Q

What does evolutionary theory predict about mate selection in males?

A

looking for females with:
youthfullness
attractivness

114
Q

What does evolutionary theory predict about women’s mate selection?

A 
Women look for men who:
intelligence
ambition
income 
and social status
115
Q

When speaking of mate selection, what does Roy Baumeister find?

A

the gender disparity in sexual motivation may be because of cultural processes that serve to supress female sexuality

116
Q

True or false, so far, there haven’t been studies that find a correlation between pornography and sex crimes

A

True

117
Q

True or false, according to the parental investment theory, males are thought to compete with other males for reproductive opportunities and females are the discriminating sex

A

True

118
Q

What did Alfred Kinsey discover about sexual behaviour and homosexuality?

A

People who define themselves as homosexual have had homosexual experiences

119
Q

What do psychoanalyst and behaviourist theorists agree on about homosexuality?

A

They both proposed environmental explanations for the development of homosexuality

120
Q

True or false, Freudian theorists argue that if a male is raised by a weak, detached father who is a poor heterosexual role model, and by an overprotective, close-binding mother, the child will grow up to be homosexual?

A

True

121
Q

How do behaviourists explain homosexuality? How is it learned?

A

Same sex stimuli paired with sexual arousal

122
Q

Has research supported or contradicted environmental theories of homosexuality?

A

Contradicted.. they were not able to find supporting information from studies

123
Q

Does parent’s homosexuality have anything to do with children’s sexual orientation?

A

No

124
Q

True or false, gender non-conformity in childhood is a precursor for homosexuality in adulthood (Environmental Theory)

A

True

125
Q

True or false, there is an aspect of genetics involved in homosexuality?

A

Yes

126
Q

What is the main Biological theory behind homosexuality today?

A

Effects of prenatal hormones on neurological development

127
Q

What is achievement motive?

A

the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence

128
Q

What does David McClelland have to say about the achievement motive?

A

That it is of the utmost importance for the functioning and growth of society

129
Q

How does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measure “need for achievement” in subjects?

A

it’s a projective test, so it may reveal personal motives and traits
asked to explain what is happening in the picture and what the people are feeling

130
Q

True or false, people who score high on the achievement motivation scale tend to work harder and more persistently than most people

A

True

131
Q

True or false, someone who scores high on the achievement motivation scale tend to be better at delaying gratification

A

True

132
Q

What has John Atkinson said about situational factors that determine behaviour?

A

The strength of ones motivation to achieve success– STABLE
Ones estimate of the probability of success– VARIES TASK 2 TASK
The Incentive value of success– DEP. ON REWARDS 4 TASK

133
Q

True or false, according to Atkinson, people vary their motivation to avoid failure

A

True

134
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion?

A

1) subjective conscious experience (cognitive)
2) bodily arousal (physiological)
3) overt expressions (behavioural)

135
Q

What is the cognitive component of emotion?

A

Subjective feelings and evaluation of said feelings

emotions happen to us for the most part, and we have little control

136
Q

True or false, we’re not very good at anticipating our emotional responses to the future? (affective forcasting)

A

true

137
Q

What is affective forecasting?

A

efforts to predict one’s emotional responses to future events

138
Q

Why are our predictions of our emotional reactions so inaccurate?

A

we’re quite effective at rationalizing and overlooking failures

139
Q

True or false, most of the discernible physiological arousal associated with emotion occurs through the actions of the Autonomic N.S

A

True

140
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous system regulate?

A

regulates activity of glands, smooth muscles, and blood vessels
fight or flight

141
Q

True or false, the fight or flight response (ANS) is modulated by the release of adrenal hormones

A

true

142
Q

What is the galvanic skin response? (GSR)

A

increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase activity
used to measure emotion in lab studies

143
Q

How does a polygraph work?

A

records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned

144
Q

What did Leonard Saxe have to say about polygraph validity?

A

That there is no evidence of a unique physiological reaction to decieit

145
Q

Where are the autonomic responses that accompany emotions controlled?

A

in the brain!

146
Q

When was Affective Neuroscience created and what is it?

A

mid-1990s

neurobiology of emotions

147
Q

True or false, newest research suggests that the amygdala plays a central role in the acquisition of conditioned fears

A

True

148
Q

According to Joseph LeDoux, sensory inputs capable of eliciting emotions arrive in the thalamus and travel alone 2 separate pathways.. what are these pathways and what do they specialize in?

A

1) Fast path to nearby amygdala, processes quickly, instantly triggers neural activity that leads to autonomic arousal
2) slower pathway to areas in the cortex

149
Q

True or false, the amygdala can process emotion independent of cognitive awareness

A

true

150
Q

True or false, the amygdala plays a large role in processing fear responses

A

True

151
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex known for?

A

It’s role in planning and control

Modulating emotions associated with pursuit of goals

152
Q

What is the front portion of the cingulate cortex responsible for?

A

processing of pain related emotions

153
Q

True or false, the cingulate cortex is activated when people wrestle with emotion laden conflicts about choices

A

True

154
Q

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway involved in?

A

Pleasurable experience associated with rewarding events

Activated by drugs

155
Q

What are mirror neurons, and what activates them?

A

Play a critical role in empathy

Activated by performing an action or by seeing another person perform the same action

156
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

facial muscles send signals to the brain and that these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing

157
Q

True or false, facial expressions have been thought to be innate?

A

True

158
Q

What do evolutionary theories say about emotion?

A

emotions are largely innate reactions to stimuli
emotion precedes thought
evolution has equipped humans with a small number of emotions that have adaptive value

159
Q

What are the three components of achievement motivation?

A

Performance goals- particular stance of excellence (getting an A)
Avoidance goals- driven to avoid failure
Fear of success- avoid opportunities

160
Q

Explain the affiliation drive

A

the need to be able to affiliate with people and maintain social bonds

161
Q

Explain the power drive

A

the need to tell others what to do, control behaviour

162
Q

Is there a gender difference of the power drive?

A

no

163
Q

What is considered “normal” human sexuality? Hint: 3 times everyone thinks sex is normal

A

1) When there is guaranteed procreation
2) Moral/Religious codes
3) Most common

164
Q

What do sexual scripts do?

A

The depiction of sexuality tells us what/when is appropriate
How to act, who initiates

165
Q

Explain erotic plasticity

A

The amount of how sexual attitudes are shaped by things

166
Q

What is the gate control theory?

A

The amount of stimulation that closes the gate on pain receivers
Think: When kissing outdoors, you freeze to the wall

167
Q

What is the path that pain follows? hint: 5 steps

A

1) Stub toe, nerve ending sends pain signals
2) P substance is released
3) travels the spinal cord
4) Thalamus interprets and sends signal around brain, first feeling
5) Cortex interprets pain, this is when you would say ow

168
Q

What percentage of pain can we control in patients?

A

75%

169
Q

True or false, suffering is the potential loss of meaning in life

A

True

170
Q

True or false, one can have pain without suffering and vice versa

A

True

171
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A

1) emotional experience
2) physiological changes –> arousal
3) emotional behaviour –> laughing

172
Q

True or false, all emotional experiences are triggered similarily, ie. being happy and surprised are created the same way

A

True

173
Q

True or false, emotion typically is just a transient state, moods tend to last longer than emotions

A

True

174
Q

True or false, emotion is valient.. it is either negative or positive

A

True

175
Q

True or false, emotion alters thought

A

true

176
Q

True or false, emotion causes behaviour to change

A

True

177
Q

True or false, emotion involves passion, sometimes we can’t control them

A

True

178
Q

True or false, emotions are only in part cognitive

A

True

179
Q

True or false, the intensity of emotion depends on the amount of feedback travelling up or down the spinal cord?

A

True

180
Q

What would happen to someone who has a high spinal injury?

A

Less bodily sensation

181
Q

Explain the common sense theory of emotion

Think: when does arousal occur? When does sensory occur?

A

Sensory experience, then arousal

think: going to the movies, being scared

182
Q

Explain the James-Lang theory of emotion

A

The perception of bodily changes IS the emotion

think: anxiety sensitivity, you feel things happening, you become anxious

183
Q

Explain the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

All at once, the physiological changes and emotion sensation.
thalamus has the central role

184
Q

Explain Schacter’s 2 factor theory of emotion

A

You have physiological changes, then you make a cognitive interpretation of your surroundings.

shaking, I must be nervous for this exam
“this is why I am feeling”

185
Q

Explain Solomon’s opponent process theory of emotion

A

Used to maintain optimal arousal

what goes up, must come down

186
Q

Explain Ekman’s Facial Feedback theory

A

If you smile, you’ll feel happy

changes in facial expressions actually change the temp of the blood going to the brain

187
Q

Explain the Le-Doux theory of emotion

A

Emotional responses come from amygdala then give feedback and create physiological changes
feelings are created by sub-cortical mechanisms.. think: grabbing a handrail while falling down stairs, you don’t realize you grabbed it

188
Q

In theories of motivation, drive theories have declined in importance.. why?

A

Biological drives have very little, if any influence on human motivation

189
Q

True or false, all human motives are powerfully shaped by social and cultural factors

A

True

190
Q

True or false, drives can’t be accurately measured

A

True

191
Q

Emotional states which develop with cognitive maturity are referred to as what?

A

Secondary

192
Q

Whereas the left prefrontal cortex appears to be specialized for_____, the right prefrontal cortex appears to be specialized for ______.

A

Approach; withdraw

193
Q

In collectivist societies, shame and loss of face would be considered______
primary or secondary?

A

Primary

194
Q

What effects our experience of pain?

A

1) Expectations- if you expect pain at a dentist, it may not be that bad
2) Past experience with pain
3) Cultural and gender experiences of pain

195
Q

What 4 characteristics are associated with those who are more supseptible to pain?

A

1) lack of motivation
2) poor self concept
3) lack significant pride in achievement
4) greater dependency on others

Psychology 102 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions