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Psychology 102 > Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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0
Q

True or false, goals can be the result of both intentional and automatic activation?

A

true

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1
Q

What are motives?

A

the needs, wants, interests, and desires that send people in certain directions

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2
Q

What time was the Drive theory explored the most, and by who?

A

Clark Hull, in 1940s and 1950s

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3
Q

What do drive theories apply to behaviour?

A

applies homeostasis to behaviour

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4
Q

What is a drive?

A

an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension

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5
Q

True or false, homeostasis is irrelevant to some human motives?

A

true! such as a thirst for knowledge

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6
Q

does motivation exist without drive arousal? ie. getting popcorn or ice cream after a movie because of an advertisment, not because you’re hungry

A

yes

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7
Q

What is the disadvantage to drive theories?

A

They cannot explain all motivation, such as motivation without drive

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8
Q

True or false, incentive theories propose that external stimuli regulate motivation

A

true

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9
Q

What is incentive?

A

an external goal that can motivate behaviour

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10
Q

True or false, drive theories emphasize how internal states of tension push people in certain directions

A

true

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11
Q

True or false, incentive theories emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions

A

true

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12
Q

When speaking of drive theories, the source of motivation lies:
outside or within the individual?

A

within the individual

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13
Q

When speaking of incentive theories, does the source of motivation lie within our outside of the individual?

A

outside

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14
Q

Do incentive theories or drive theories operate according to the principle of homeostasis?

A

drive

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15
Q

What theory emphasizes environmental factors and downplays the biological bases of motivation

A

Incentive theory

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16
Q

According to expectancy-value models, ones motivation to pursue a particular course of action will depend on what two factors?

A

1– expectancy, about ones chances of obtaining the incentive
2– value, of desired incentive

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17
Q

What is the evolutionary theory of motivation?

A

explaining motives in terms of dominance, aggression, and sex drive in terms of their adaptive value..

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18
Q

What are the two agreed upon types of motives humans have?

A

biological and social

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19
Q

identify 3 biological motives and 3 social motives

A

biological: thirst, hunger, and sex
social: play, achievement, and autonomy (independence)

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20
Q

True or false, people have a limited number of biological needs

A

true

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21
Q

According to K.B Madsen, most theories identify 10-15 biological needs, but people can acquire social motives through what?

A

socialization and learning

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22
Q

What is Henry Murray associated with?

A

Social motives

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23
Q

When speaking of social motives associated with Henry Murray, what do the following motives mean?
Affiliation, nurturance, and exhibition

A

Affiliation: the need for social bonds
Nurturance: the need to care for others
Exhibition: the need to make an impression on others

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24
Q

Do social motives vary from person to person? If so, why?

A

yes, because off learning and socialization

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25
Q

What are the three motives that most psychologists study in detail?

A

hunger, sex, and achievement

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26
Q

What do evolutionary psychologists believe is behind motives?

A

products of evolution and natural selection

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27
Q

In 1912, Walter Cannon and Washburn studied hunger.. what did they find out?

A

there is an association between stomach contractions and hunger

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28
Q

What “controls” hunger?

A

hypothalamus

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29
Q

in the 1940s and 1950s, what brain structures did we believe controlled hunger?

A

Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) and Ventromedical Nucleus of the Hypothalamus (VMH)

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30
Q

What brain structures do we believe control hunger today?

A

2 parts of the hypothalamus:
Arcutate Nucleus and paraventricular nucleus
the arcutate is very important

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31
Q

True or False, Contemporary theories of hunger focus more on neural circuits that pass through the hypothalamus rather than anatomical centres in the brain

A

True

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32
Q

What is glucose and how is it made?

A

a simple sugar that is a source of energy, made by food taken into the body which is converted

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33
Q

Do actions that decrease blood glucose levels increase or decrease hunger?

A

increase hunger

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34
Q

What does the glucostatic theory propose?

A

that fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored in the brain where they influence hunger feelings

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35
Q

What part of the thalamus is sensitive to glucose fluctuations that contribute to the modulation of eating?

A

The arcutate nucleus

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36
Q

Where is insulin secreted from, and what is it?

A

a hormone secreted by the pancreas

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37
Q

The more insulin secreted, the more what?

A

hunger feelings

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38
Q

What is ghrelin, and when is it secreted?

A

after going without food for a while, and it is a hormone secreted to create stomach contractions

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39
Q

What is CCK and when is it secreted?

A

It is secreted after food is consumed, it reduces hunger

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40
Q

What is leptin, and what does it do?

A

hormone, in charge of regulation of hunger and other bodily functions

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41
Q

How is leptin produced?

A

through fat cells.. Higher levels of fat= higher levels of leptin

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42
Q

true or false, the higher leptin in your blood stream, the less you feel hunger

A

true

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43
Q

Where do the hormones (insulin, ghrelin, CCK, and leptin) converge in the body? 1 brain structure, 2 exact spots

A

Hypothalamus, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei

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44
Q

True or false, hunger is regulated by environmental factors as well as biological

A

true

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45
Q

What are 3 environmental factors of hunger regulation?

A

1– availability of food
2– learned preferences/ habits
3– stress

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46
Q

If a psychologist believes that hunger is related to incentives, what 4 variables exert significant influence over food consumption?

A

1) palatability- better it tastes, more you eat
2) quantity available- more food avail, more you eat
3) variety- more variety, more you eat
4) presence of others- more people, more you eat

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47
Q

What is sensory-specific satiety?

A

as you eat a specific food, the incentive value declines.

think: only doritos and tortillas every day, they wouldn’t seem so appealing after a while

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48
Q

true or false, hunger and eating are governed in part by incentive qualities of food?

A

true

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49
Q

true or false, learning wields a great deal of influence over what people prefer to eat

A

true

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50
Q

true or false, taste preferences are partly a function of learned associations formed through classical conditioning

A

true

think: food poisoning bout, that food is paired with a crappy stimulus, therefore it was classically conditioned

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51
Q

True or false, eating habits are shaped by observational learning

A

true

think: seeing parents eat a food, you’re more likely to try it

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52
Q

true or false, people can have a genetic vulnerability to obesity

A

true

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53
Q

true or false, for overweight people, their energy intake from food exceeds their energy expenditure

A

True

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54
Q

Stanley Schachter created the “externality hypothesis” of obesity. Explain what it is..

A

obese people are extra sensitive to external cues that effect hunger and are insensitive to internal physiological cues

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55
Q

What was wrong with Schacter’s externality hypothesis according to researchers today?

A

it was oversimplified and overstated

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56
Q

true or false, today, we believe that external cues do have a greater impact on the food intake of obese individuals

A

True

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57
Q

Who made the distinction between normative and sensory external cues, and what are they?

A

Herman and Polivy.
Normative cues- socially appropriate food intake (what, when, how)
Sensory cues- palatability

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58
Q

What type of cues do Herman and Polivy argue that obese people are especially sensitive to?

A

Sensory external

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59
Q

Is the externality hypothesis relevant today?

A

yes

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60
Q

Who created the idea of a “set point?”

A

Richard Keesey

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61
Q

What is a set point?

A

A natural point of stability in body weight

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62
Q

What does the set point theory propose?

A

that the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep them (and weight) fairly stable

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63
Q

What is the settling point theory?

A

Weight tends to remain stable as long as there are no durable changes in any of the factors that influence it

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64
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if the ventromedial nucleus of a rat’s brain is destroyed by lesioning?

A

increase

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65
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if the glucose level in Marlene’s bloodstream decreases?

A

increase

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66
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if Norman just ate, but his roommate just brought home pizza?

A

increase

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67
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if you’re offered an exotic, strange-looking food from a different culture and told that everyone in that culture likes it?

A

most likely decrease

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68
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if you are just given an injection of leptin?

A

decrease

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69
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if you’re stressed?

A

most likely increase

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70
Q

Would hunger increase or decrease if you broke away from a diet?

A

increase

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71
Q

Which type of theory explains motives in terms of their adaptive value?
evolutionary or drive theories

A

evolutionary

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72
Q

Are lateral and ventromedial areas of the hypothalamus (on-off centres) or the Arcuate and paraventricular areas and neural circuits more important in todays theory of hunger?

A

Arcuate and paraventricular

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73
Q

Identify the 4 phases of the human sexual response and what happens during each

A

1) Excitement– physical arousal happens quickly, blood vessels swell
2) Plateau- slow arousal, tightening of vaginal entrance, preejaculate
3) Orgasm- Peak arousal intensity, muscle contractions
4) Resolution- refractory period, all changes subside

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74
Q

What is vasocongestion?

A

When blood vessels engorge

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75
Q

What happens during the excitement phase of the sexual response?

A

Vasocongestion and increased heart rate/respiratory rate

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76
Q

What happens during the plateau phase of the sexual response

A

Women continue to have vasocongestion which leads to tightening
Men may release pre-ejaculate
Fluctuations of arousal

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77
Q

What happens during the orgasm phase of sexual response?

A

increase in heart rate, increase in respiratory rate, muscle contraction

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78
Q

What happens during the resolution phase of sexual responses?

A

physiological changes subside, refractory period

79
Q

What is Robert Triver’s “Parental Investment” theory?

A

a species mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest to produce and nurture offspring
(in terms of time, energy, and survival risk)

80
Q

What question does motivation answer about human behaviour?

A

Why

81
Q

True or false, we can only infer why someone is motivated to do something

A

true

82
Q

Does intelligence desire to conquer or to be harmonious?

A

intelligence desires to conquer

wisdom desires to be harmonious

83
Q

What are the 6 ways theorists see people and their life/motivation?
hint: machines

A 
1- pawns of fate 
2- similar to animals
3- masters of fate
4- unconscious beings 
5- similar to machines
6- social products
84
Q

Identify the 5 different types of drives

A 
1- regulatory
2- safety
3- reproductive
4- social 
5- educative
85
Q

What does a regulatory drive do?

A

statis homeostasis needs
hunger, thirst
they promote survival

86
Q

What does a safety drive do?

A

protect us from danger, avoiding pain and injury

87
Q

What is a reproductive drive responsible for?

A

caring for offspring, jealousy

88
Q

Is a reproductive drive powerful?

A

yes, very

89
Q

What are social drives responsible for?

A

achievement etc

90
Q

What are educative drives responsible for?

A

Learning, curiosity, and exploring

91
Q

Explain the optimal arousal theory

hint: what if arousal is too high or too low?

A

If arousal is too high, you will become dormant
If arousal is too low, you will become active

think: exam: HIGH arousal, LOW performance OR
sensory deprivation: LOW arousal, HIGH emotion

92
Q

Explain the evolutionary theory of human motivation

hint: why do people act certain ways?

A

Human motives are a result of evolution, behaviours that are successful reproductively are continued on.

93
Q

Males and Females differ in what makes them jealous. What makes a woman jealous, typically?

A

Emotional infidelity

94
Q

Men consistently overestimate women’s ______ and women underestimate men’s ______

A

Desire for sex

Commitment

95
Q

What is “wrong” with the evolutionary theory of motivation? Give 3 reasons why it could be considered “wrong”

A

Emphasizes biological determinism
Legitimizes social constructs and arrangements
Ignores cultural and social factors

96
Q

What is a drive stimulus?

A

A stimulus that directs behaviour

eg. low glucose= hunger

97
Q

What is an incentive and what does it do to drives?

A

reduces drive state, eliminating exploratory drive
food- hunger
sleep-tiredness

98
Q

What does an instrumental act do to a drive?

A

brings you to the presence of the incentive..

think: getting up and going to the washroom

99
Q

What is a consummatory response, and what does it do to a drive?

A

eliminates drive

drinking when thirsty, ejaculating, peeing when you need to

100
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary drive?

A

Primary drive: for tissue needs/survival ALWAYS HOMEOSTATIC

Secondary drive: learned drives

101
Q

True or false, a primary drive is always homeostatic

A

true

102
Q

You’re in a hot yoga class.. you decide you want some water..
is a primary or secondary drive directing you to drink water? why?

A

Primary, because having water is a tissue need, and is also homeostatic

103
Q

What does homeostatic mean?

A

When your body seeks and maintains a balance or equilibrium within it’s internal environment

104
Q

True or false, an incentive theory would be considered part of a pull theory

A

true

105
Q

Explain the incentive theory

A

External stimulus pulls you

eg. BA, promotion

106
Q

Does the incentive theory or pull theory rely on homeostatic drives?

A

no

107
Q

Explain what the expectancy value model is, and what theory it fits in with

A

Fits in with incentive or pull theory
expectancy: what are the chances you can achieve this?
value: how much do you value this, how important is it?
when you have HIGH expectancy and HIGH value, you have HIGH motivation

108
Q

True or false, according to the expectancy value model (incentive theory) what happens if you have HIGH expectancy and HIGH value of a particular goal?

A

you will have HIGH motivation

109
Q

What are the 3 Antecedents of behaviour?

A

1– Deprivation–> no food, higher drive level OR no patterned stim. brain issues
2– Stimulational factors–> Attractive=move towards
3– History of organism–> learning, experience, culture

110
Q

When speaking of the antecedents of behaviour, what is meant by Stimulational factors?

A

when something is attractive, you move toward it

111
Q

When speaking of antecedents of behaviour, what is meant by history of the organism?

A

Behaviour will depend on the learning, experience, and culture of the organism

112
Q

What benefit comes from men overestimating womens sexual desire for them?

A

to ensure that males do not overlook sexual opportunities

113
Q

What does evolutionary theory predict about mate selection in males?

A

looking for females with:
youthfullness
attractivness

114
Q

What does evolutionary theory predict about women’s mate selection?

A 
Women look for men who:
intelligence
ambition
income 
and social status
115
Q

When speaking of mate selection, what does Roy Baumeister find?

A

the gender disparity in sexual motivation may be because of cultural processes that serve to supress female sexuality

116
Q

True or false, so far, there haven’t been studies that find a correlation between pornography and sex crimes

A

True

117
Q

True or false, according to the parental investment theory, males are thought to compete with other males for reproductive opportunities and females are the discriminating sex

A

True

118
Q

What did Alfred Kinsey discover about sexual behaviour and homosexuality?

A

People who define themselves as homosexual have had homosexual experiences

119
Q

What do psychoanalyst and behaviourist theorists agree on about homosexuality?

A

They both proposed environmental explanations for the development of homosexuality

120
Q

True or false, Freudian theorists argue that if a male is raised by a weak, detached father who is a poor heterosexual role model, and by an overprotective, close-binding mother, the child will grow up to be homosexual?

A

True

121
Q

How do behaviourists explain homosexuality? How is it learned?

A

Same sex stimuli paired with sexual arousal

122
Q

Has research supported or contradicted environmental theories of homosexuality?

A

Contradicted.. they were not able to find supporting information from studies

123
Q

Does parent’s homosexuality have anything to do with children’s sexual orientation?

A

No

124
Q

True or false, gender non-conformity in childhood is a precursor for homosexuality in adulthood (Environmental Theory)

A

True

125
Q

True or false, there is an aspect of genetics involved in homosexuality?

A

Yes

126
Q

What is the main Biological theory behind homosexuality today?

A

Effects of prenatal hormones on neurological development

127
Q

What is achievement motive?

A

the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards of excellence

128
Q

What does David McClelland have to say about the achievement motive?

A

That it is of the utmost importance for the functioning and growth of society

129
Q

How does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measure “need for achievement” in subjects?

A

it’s a projective test, so it may reveal personal motives and traits
asked to explain what is happening in the picture and what the people are feeling

130
Q

True or false, people who score high on the achievement motivation scale tend to work harder and more persistently than most people

A

True

131
Q

True or false, someone who scores high on the achievement motivation scale tend to be better at delaying gratification

A

True

132
Q

What has John Atkinson said about situational factors that determine behaviour?

A

The strength of ones motivation to achieve success– STABLE
Ones estimate of the probability of success– VARIES TASK 2 TASK
The Incentive value of success– DEP. ON REWARDS 4 TASK

133
Q

True or false, according to Atkinson, people vary their motivation to avoid failure

A

True

134
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion?

A

1) subjective conscious experience (cognitive)
2) bodily arousal (physiological)
3) overt expressions (behavioural)

135
Q

What is the cognitive component of emotion?

A

Subjective feelings and evaluation of said feelings

emotions happen to us for the most part, and we have little control

136
Q

True or false, we’re not very good at anticipating our emotional responses to the future? (affective forcasting)

A

true

137
Q

What is affective forecasting?

A

efforts to predict one’s emotional responses to future events

138
Q

Why are our predictions of our emotional reactions so inaccurate?

A

we’re quite effective at rationalizing and overlooking failures

139
Q

True or false, most of the discernible physiological arousal associated with emotion occurs through the actions of the Autonomic N.S

A

True

140
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous system regulate?

A

regulates activity of glands, smooth muscles, and blood vessels
fight or flight

141
Q

True or false, the fight or flight response (ANS) is modulated by the release of adrenal hormones

A

true

142
Q

What is the galvanic skin response? (GSR)

A

increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase activity
used to measure emotion in lab studies

143
Q

How does a polygraph work?

A

records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned

144
Q

What did Leonard Saxe have to say about polygraph validity?

A

That there is no evidence of a unique physiological reaction to decieit

145
Q

Where are the autonomic responses that accompany emotions controlled?

A

in the brain!

146
Q

When was Affective Neuroscience created and what is it?

A

mid-1990s

neurobiology of emotions

147
Q

True or false, newest research suggests that the amygdala plays a central role in the acquisition of conditioned fears

A

True

148
Q

According to Joseph LeDoux, sensory inputs capable of eliciting emotions arrive in the thalamus and travel alone 2 separate pathways.. what are these pathways and what do they specialize in?

A

1) Fast path to nearby amygdala, processes quickly, instantly triggers neural activity that leads to autonomic arousal
2) slower pathway to areas in the cortex

149
Q

True or false, the amygdala can process emotion independent of cognitive awareness

A

true

150
Q

True or false, the amygdala plays a large role in processing fear responses

A

True

151
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex known for?

A

It’s role in planning and control

Modulating emotions associated with pursuit of goals

152
Q

What is the front portion of the cingulate cortex responsible for?

A

processing of pain related emotions

153
Q

True or false, the cingulate cortex is activated when people wrestle with emotion laden conflicts about choices

A

True

154
Q

What is the mesolimbic dopamine pathway involved in?

A

Pleasurable experience associated with rewarding events

Activated by drugs

155
Q

What are mirror neurons, and what activates them?

A

Play a critical role in empathy

Activated by performing an action or by seeing another person perform the same action

156
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

facial muscles send signals to the brain and that these signals help the brain recognize the emotion that one is experiencing

157
Q

True or false, facial expressions have been thought to be innate?

A

True

158
Q

What do evolutionary theories say about emotion?

A

emotions are largely innate reactions to stimuli
emotion precedes thought
evolution has equipped humans with a small number of emotions that have adaptive value

159
Q

What are the three components of achievement motivation?

A

Performance goals- particular stance of excellence (getting an A)
Avoidance goals- driven to avoid failure
Fear of success- avoid opportunities

160
Q

Explain the affiliation drive

A

the need to be able to affiliate with people and maintain social bonds

161
Q

Explain the power drive

A

the need to tell others what to do, control behaviour

162
Q

Is there a gender difference of the power drive?

A

no

163
Q

What is considered “normal” human sexuality? Hint: 3 times everyone thinks sex is normal

A

1) When there is guaranteed procreation
2) Moral/Religious codes
3) Most common

164
Q

What do sexual scripts do?

A

The depiction of sexuality tells us what/when is appropriate
How to act, who initiates

165
Q

Explain erotic plasticity

A

The amount of how sexual attitudes are shaped by things

166
Q

What is the gate control theory?

A

The amount of stimulation that closes the gate on pain receivers
Think: When kissing outdoors, you freeze to the wall

167
Q

What is the path that pain follows? hint: 5 steps

A

1) Stub toe, nerve ending sends pain signals
2) P substance is released
3) travels the spinal cord
4) Thalamus interprets and sends signal around brain, first feeling
5) Cortex interprets pain, this is when you would say ow

168
Q

What percentage of pain can we control in patients?

A

75%

169
Q

True or false, suffering is the potential loss of meaning in life

A

True

170
Q

True or false, one can have pain without suffering and vice versa

A

True

171
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A

1) emotional experience
2) physiological changes –> arousal
3) emotional behaviour –> laughing

172
Q

True or false, all emotional experiences are triggered similarily, ie. being happy and surprised are created the same way

A

True

173
Q

True or false, emotion typically is just a transient state, moods tend to last longer than emotions

A

True

174
Q

True or false, emotion is valient.. it is either negative or positive

A

True

175
Q

True or false, emotion alters thought

A

true

176
Q

True or false, emotion causes behaviour to change

A

True

177
Q

True or false, emotion involves passion, sometimes we can’t control them

A

True

178
Q

True or false, emotions are only in part cognitive

A

True

179
Q

True or false, the intensity of emotion depends on the amount of feedback travelling up or down the spinal cord?

A

True

180
Q

What would happen to someone who has a high spinal injury?

A

Less bodily sensation

181
Q

Explain the common sense theory of emotion

Think: when does arousal occur? When does sensory occur?

A

Sensory experience, then arousal

think: going to the movies, being scared

182
Q

Explain the James-Lang theory of emotion

A

The perception of bodily changes IS the emotion

think: anxiety sensitivity, you feel things happening, you become anxious

183
Q

Explain the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

All at once, the physiological changes and emotion sensation.
thalamus has the central role

184
Q

Explain Schacter’s 2 factor theory of emotion

A

You have physiological changes, then you make a cognitive interpretation of your surroundings.

shaking, I must be nervous for this exam
“this is why I am feeling”

185
Q

Explain Solomon’s opponent process theory of emotion

A

Used to maintain optimal arousal

what goes up, must come down

186
Q

Explain Ekman’s Facial Feedback theory

A

If you smile, you’ll feel happy

changes in facial expressions actually change the temp of the blood going to the brain

187
Q

Explain the Le-Doux theory of emotion

A

Emotional responses come from amygdala then give feedback and create physiological changes
feelings are created by sub-cortical mechanisms.. think: grabbing a handrail while falling down stairs, you don’t realize you grabbed it

188
Q

In theories of motivation, drive theories have declined in importance.. why?

A

Biological drives have very little, if any influence on human motivation

189
Q

True or false, all human motives are powerfully shaped by social and cultural factors

A

True

190
Q

True or false, drives can’t be accurately measured

A

True

191
Q

Emotional states which develop with cognitive maturity are referred to as what?

A

Secondary

192
Q

Whereas the left prefrontal cortex appears to be specialized for_____, the right prefrontal cortex appears to be specialized for ______.

A

Approach; withdraw

193
Q

In collectivist societies, shame and loss of face would be considered______
primary or secondary?

A

Primary

194
Q

What effects our experience of pain?

A

1) Expectations- if you expect pain at a dentist, it may not be that bad
2) Past experience with pain
3) Cultural and gender experiences of pain

195
Q

What 4 characteristics are associated with those who are more supseptible to pain?

A

1) lack of motivation
2) poor self concept
3) lack significant pride in achievement
4) greater dependency on others

Psychology 102 (8 decks)

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