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Psychology 102 > Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Stress, Coping, and Health Flashcards

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0
Q

According to Lazarus and Folkman, there are primary and secondary appraisals of stress. What is the difference?

A

Primary– evaluation of whether an event is either irrelevant to you, relevant but not threatening, or stressful
IF YOU THINK AN EVENT IS STRESSFUL, YOU’LL MAKE A 2ND
Secondary– evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress

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1
Q

What is stress?

A

Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and that thereby tax one’s coping abilities.

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2
Q

How objective are our appraisals of stress?

A

Not every, some people are more prone than others to feeling threatened by life’s difficulties

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3
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic stressors?

A

Acute– threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear end point
Chronic– threatening events that are relatively long and no readily apparent time limit

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4
Q

What are the 4 major types of stress?

A

Frustration, conflict, change, and pressure

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5
Q

What is frustration?

A

Occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted
when you want something and you can’t have it

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6
Q

What is conflict?

A

Occurs when 2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression.

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of conflict that are considered especially stressful, and who is credited for creating them?

A

1) Approach-Approach- A choice must be made between 2 attractive goals. (Least Stressful)
2) Avoidance- Avoidance- A choice must be made between 2 unnattractive goals. (Highly Stressful)
3) Approach-Avoidance- Choice must be made whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects. (Quite Stressful)
Kurt Lewin

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8
Q

What is pressure?

A

Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way

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9
Q

What are the three common emotional responses to stress?

A

1– annoyance, anger, and rage
2– apprehension, anxiety, and fear
3– dejection, sadness, and grief

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10
Q

Explain the three steps of the broaden and build theory of positive emotions

A

Positive emotions alter people’s mindsets
Positive emotions can undo the lingering effects of negative emotions, and short circuit the physiological changes
+ Emotions can promote rewarding social interactions and build coping

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11
Q

Explain the inverted u hypothesis

A

Typically, task performance should improve with increased emotional arousal-up to a point, after which further increases in arousal become disruptive and performance deteriorates.

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12
Q

True or false, as a task becomes more complex, the optimal level of arousal tends to decrease

A

True

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13
Q

What does the inverted u hypothesis explain?

A

How emotional arousal could have either beneficial or disruptive effects on coping

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14
Q

True or false, the nervous system involved in the fight or flight response is the autonomic N.S

A

True

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15
Q

Who identified and named the concept of stress?

A

Hans Selye

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16
Q

Are stress reactions specific?

A

No, stress reactions are nonspecific

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17
Q

Explain the general adaptation syndrome coined by Hans Selye

A

A model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages:
Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Talks about how long stress stays around and how it affects you

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18
Q

What happens during each stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome? alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

A

Alarm– organism first senses the existence of a threat, similar to ForF
Resistance– physiological changes stabilize, coping efforts get started
Exhaustion– body’s resources for fighting stress may be depleted

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19
Q

What are the two major pathways that stress signals travel to the endocrine system?

A

1- routed through ANS, hypothalamus activates sympathetic NS, release of CATECHOLAMINES
2- hypothalamus signals pituitary gland, releases CORTICOSTEROIDS

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20
Q

True or false, Women’s stress responses tend to be more mild than mens, if so, why?

A

True.. because of Estrogen

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21
Q

What is coping?

A

active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress

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22
Q

True or false, coping can be adaptive as well as maladaptive

A

True

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23
Q

What three stable coping dimensions does the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) measure?

A

task-oriented coping
emotion-oriented coping
avoidance-oriented coping

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24
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

Passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events.
When people think that events are beyond their contol

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25
Q

What is behavioural disengagement?

A

Giving up

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26
Q

What does Ellis mean when he says that people engage in catastrophic thinking when dealing with stress?

A

Blaming oneself, becoming highly critical of oneself when stressed

27
Q

True or false, according to Beck, negative self-talk can lead to depressive disorders

A

True

28
Q

What is aggression?

A

any behaviour that is intended to hurt someone physically or verbally

29
Q

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis, and how does it stand up today?

A

Aggression is always caused by frustration, research hasn’t shown that there isn’t an inevitable one-to-one correspondence between them

30
Q

What is catharsis?

A

Freud’s term that refers to the release the pent up emotion using aggression

31
Q

How does the hypothesis of catharsis stand up today?

A

It doesn’t, studies find the opposite

32
Q

How do defence mechanisms work?

A

Through self-deception

distorting reality so it doesn’t appear as threatening

33
Q

What do defence mechanisms defend against?

A

the emotional discomfort thats elicited by stress

anxiety, guilt, and anger most commonly..

34
Q

Why are defence mechanisms bad for you?

A

avoidance strategy, doesn’t provide a solution

35
Q

True or false, sometimes small defence mechanisms are helpful for your mental health?

A

True

36
Q

What is constructive coping?

A

relatively healthful efforts that people make to deal with stressful events.

37
Q

What are the three key themes of literature around constructive coping?

A

1) It makes you confront problems
2) You tend not to deceive yourself
3) You learn to recognize, possibly regulate emotional reactions to stress

38
Q

True or false, the optimal level of arousal on a task depends on the complexity of the task

A

True

39
Q

True or false, in times of stress, emotions are not uniformly negative

A

True

40
Q

During a stressful time, can positive emotions promote resilience?

A

Yes

41
Q

When do diseases of adaptation typically emerge?

A

During the exhaustion phase of selyes’ general adaptation theory

42
Q

There are two major pathways along which the brain sends signals to the endocrine system in response to stress.. they release two different kinds of hormones, what are they?

A

Catecholamines an corticosteroids

43
Q

What form does the behavioural reaction to stress take?

A

Coping

44
Q

Can stress interfere with task performance?

A

yes

45
Q

Explain Baumeisters theory of task performance during stressful times

A

Stress causes self-consciousness, which causes disruptions in attention

46
Q

What is burnout?

A

Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can be brought on gradually by chronic work-related stress

47
Q

Are there any positive effects of stress?

A

Reliance- adaptation to significant stress and trauma

Stress can promote personal growth

48
Q

What are psychosomatic diseases? Identify the five classic illnesses.
How does this theory hold up today?

A

Genuine physical ailments that were thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors.
high blood pressure, ulcers, headaches, asthma, hives, and eczema
This theory has fallen into disuse

49
Q

What is the Type A personality? Identify three elements

A

1) Strong competitive orientation
2) impatience and urgency
3) anger and hostility

50
Q

What is the Type B personality?

A

relatively patient, easy going, amicable behaviour

51
Q

Explain McCann’s precocity-longevity hypothesis

A

factors associated with early success in individuals career achievement may be the factors that set conditions for the early death of those who have this early success.

52
Q

How does stress affect immune function and vulnerability to the common cold?

A

Long term stress can sometimes foster persistent overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, which can promote chronic inflammation
which can promote heart issues, cancer, and osteoporosis

53
Q

What are the three factors that moderate the impact of stress

A

Social support, optimism, and conscientiousness,

54
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit social support?

A

Explicit- overt emotional solace and instrumental aid from others
Implicit- comfort that comes from knowing that one has access to others who will be supportive

55
Q

How does optimism relate to health?

A

optimism= more effective immune functioning, deals with stress more adaptively, more likely to engage in problem-focused coping, more willing to seek social support.

56
Q

How is conscientiousness related to health?

A

promotes longevity
people tend to gravitate toward healthy environments and may show less reactivity to stress, fosters better health habits.

57
Q

How does smoking increase morality?

A

chemicals spread quickly through body causing widespread cellular damage
higher chance of developing a range of diseases

58
Q

What are the health benefits of excersise?

A

enhance cardiovascular fitness which would reduce heart problems
reduces risk of developing obesity related problems
diminishes chronic inflammation
reduces physical demands of stress

59
Q

How do health impairing behaviour develop?

A

Gradually, involve behaviours that tend to be enjoyable at the time

60
Q

What is the biggest problem related to people’s decisions to seek medical treatment?

A

Wait times
how individuals react to health concerns
biggest problem is delaying needed consultation

61
Q

What are some barriers to effective communication between patients and their health problems?

A

Short appointments, too much medical jargon, people may be slightly evasive of real concerns because they fear a serious diagnosis, and many patients are afraid to challenge doctors’ authority

62
Q

What can one do to improve communication with health-care providers?

A

be on time, know what you want to ask, try to be candid in replying to questions, ask for clarification

63
Q

How problematic is nonadherance to medical advice?

A

major problem
greater when instructions are hard to understand
when recommendations are hard to follow
and when patients don’t like their doctor

64
Q

True or false, exhaustion is the illness phase

A

True

Psychology 102 (8 decks)

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