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Biochem Fall > Chapter 9- Imi Biochem > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Imi Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

function of collagen

A

structure

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2
Q

function of epithelial mucins

A

lubrication and protection

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3
Q

function of synovial fluid glycoproteins

A

lubrication and protection

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4
Q

function of ceruloplasmin

A

transport, a copper carrier

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5
Q

function of transferrin

A

transport, an iron carrier

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6
Q

function of thyrotropin

A

endocrine regulation

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7
Q

function of chorionic gonadotropin

A

endocrine regulation

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8
Q

function of erythropoietin

A

endocrine regulation

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9
Q

function of proteases

A

catalysis

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10
Q

function of nucleases

A

catalysis

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11
Q

function of glycosidases

A

catalysis

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12
Q

function of hydrolases

A

catalysis

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13
Q

function of immunoglobulins

A

defense against infection

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14
Q

function of complement proteins

A

defense against infection

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15
Q

function of interferons

A

defense against infection

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16
Q

function of selectins and integrins

A

defense against infection

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17
Q

function of acetylcholine

A

membrane receptor

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18
Q

function of cholera toxin

A

membrane receptor

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19
Q

function of electromagnetic radiation (e.g rhodopsin)

A

membrane receptor

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20
Q

function of blood group substances

A

antigens

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21
Q

function of fibronectin

A

cell-cell recognition and adhesion

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22
Q

function of laminin

A

cell-cell recognition and adhesion

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23
Q

function of chondronectin

A

cell-cell recognition and adhesion

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24
Q

function of glycophorin

A

miscellaneous, an intrinsic red blood cell membrane constituent

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25
Q

function of intrinsic factor

A

miscellaneous, essential for absorption of dietary vitamin B12

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26
Q

function of clotting factors

A

miscellaneous, e.g. fibrinogen

27
Q

what are glycoproteins

A

proteins that possess covalently attached polysaccharide chain with o-glycosidic or n-glycosidic linkages

28
Q

physiologic functions of glycoproteins

A

structural molecules, lubricants, cell attachment and recognition sites, certain hormones, immunologic components

29
Q

o-glycosidic linkage occur via

A

serine, threonine, hydroxylysin, hydroxyproline

30
Q

n-glycosidic linkage occur via

A

asparagine

31
Q

microheterogeneity

A

when glycoproteins with an identical polypeptide sequence varies in the structure of their oligosaccharide chains. arises from incomplete synthesis or partial degradation and poses problems in purification and characterization of glycoproteins

32
Q

α1 acid glycoprotein

A

human serum α1 -acid glycoprotein has five linkage sites for carbohydrates and occurs in at least 19 different forms as a result of differences in oligosaccharide structures

33
Q

collagen glycoproteins

A

contains an amount of carbohydrate that varies with the source: skin tissue collagen, about 0.5%; cartilage collagen, about 4%; and basement membrane collagen, more than 10%

34
Q

where are glycoproteins synthesized

A

ER and golgi where sugars can be added or removed

35
Q

how are glycoproteins added

A

CHO chain produced by sequential addition of monosaccharide units to the non-reducing end

36
Q

glycoprotein carbohydrate additions involve

A

specific glyosyltransferases and their substrates (UDP-sugars, GDP-mannose, GDP-L-fructose, and CMP-NANA:cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid, and in some glycoproteins an oligosaccharide carrier dolichol

37
Q

what is dolichol phosphate

A

a lipid involved in the synthesis of glycoproteins (N of Asn): sugars are added sequentially to dolichol phosphate, which is associated with ER membrane -> branched polysaccharide chain is transferred to an amide N of an Asn

38
Q

what ways can glycoproteins leave the cell

A

glycoproteins are segregated into lysosomes, attached to the cell membrane, or secreted by cell

39
Q

what is glycation

A

Addition of CHO residues without any of the complex enzymatic pathways of CHO addition (AKA non-enzymatic glycation)

40
Q

glycation of hemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin A1c via N-glycosidic linkage into the N-terminal amino group of Val of each β-chain throughout the lifespan of RBC’s 120 days

41
Q

glycation of human serum albumin

A

producing a stable condensation product known as fructosamine

42
Q

what is fructosamine

A

a generic term applied to the stable condensation product of glucose with serum proteins

43
Q

estimation of short-term (1-3 weeks) plasma glucose levels

A

measurement of fructosamine

44
Q

integrated plasma glucose levels over a longer period (2-3 months)

A

measurement of HbA1c concentration

45
Q

glycation of α-, β-, γ-crystallins occurs where

A

human lens proteins, age dependent non-enzymatic glycation at the ε-amino groups of Lys, in diabetics, this process occurs twice as often as in normal individuals

46
Q

what are cell membrane constituents

A

Lipids (phospholipids, glycosphingolipids, cholesterol), Carbohydrates and proteins

47
Q

glycoproteins or glycolipids linked to

A

CHO residues are covalently linked to proteins or lipids to form glycoproteins or glycolipids

48
Q

The ratio of protein:lipid:carbohydrate in cell membranes

A

on a weight basis varies considerably from membrane to membrane: human erythrocytes (49:43:8), myelin (18:79:3)

49
Q

Membrane glycoproteins properties

A

amphipathic molecules, CHO moieties of glycoproteins are distributed asymmetrically in cell membranes

50
Q

role of glycoproteins in cell-cell interaction

A

coordination & regulation of adhesion, growth, differentiation of cells, and cell size

51
Q

fibronectin properties

A

a large, external, transformation-sensitive protein, promotes attachment and subsequent spreading of many cell types, contain 5% of CHOs by weight

52
Q

Cell surface fibronectin

A

adhesion of cell with its extracellular matrix

53
Q

Plasma fibronectin

A

role in wound repair, formation of fibrin clot, the enhancement of opsonic activity of macrophages, attracting fibroblasts

54
Q

Fetal fibronectin

A

unique form found at the uteroplacental junction, presence in cervicovaginal secretions used as marker in assessing the risk for preterm delivery, measured by enzyme immunoassay

55
Q

antigenic variation of blood group substances is due to

A

specific glycosyltransferases responsible for synthesis of the oligosaccharide determinants

56
Q

what are blood group antigens

A

specific classes of oligosaccharides present on surface of human RBCs, inherited according to Mendel’s law

57
Q

what adds sugar to RBC

A

gene encodes an enzyme that adds sugar to RBC to make blood type

58
Q

All serum proteins except Serum Albumin

A

glycoproteins

59
Q

The sugar residues found most commonly in the outer domain of the oligosaccharides of serum glycoproteins are

A

galactose, N-acetylhexosamine, and sialic acid

60
Q

Role of liver in the synthesis and catabolism of glycoproteins

A

Lose their terminal sialic acid residues through the action of neuraminidase (sialidase) during circulation in the blood, which exposes the galactose residues. The resulting galactose-terminated glycoproteins, known as asialoglycoproteins are taken up after binding to receptors on hepatocytes. Internalized receptor-mediated endocytosis and subjected to lysosomal degradation

61
Q

elevated plasma asialoglycoproteins detected in

A

liver disease

62
Q

molecular mimicry of oligosaccharides and host susceptibility

A

Infectious agent contain antigenic epitope, elicit antibodies that cause a disease

63
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)

A

self-limited autoimmune disease, resulted from an antecedent, acute infection of bacterial or viral origin, in children, following vaccination causing common antigenic epitope with host that elicits antibodies that cause disease resulting in molecular mimicry

64
Q

C. jejuni

A

lipopolysaccharides contain terminal tetrasaccharides identical to ganglioside GM1, antibodies cause immune-mediated destruction of nerve fibers resulting in molecular mimicry

Biochem Fall (13 decks)

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