Chapter 9 - Human Development Flashcards
physical development
growth and changes in the body and brain, senses, motor skills, and health and wellness
cognitive development
learning attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
psychosocial development
emotions, personality, and relationships
continuous
views development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills
discontinuous
views development as occurring in unique stages (specific times or ages)
nature vs. nurture
biology and genetics vs. environment and culture
self-concept (self-awareness)
development of a positive sense of self
socioemotional selectivity theory
with age, people become increasingly selective, investing greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities (fewer, more meaningful relationships)
psychosexual theory
Sigmund Freud, childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults viewed development as discontinuous children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on different erogenous zones
psychosexual stages of development
- oral - age 0-1, focus on oral senses
- anal - age 1-3, control of the blatter and bowel movements
- phallic - age 3-6, differences between males and females, strongly favoring one parent over the other
- latency - age 7-13, superego strengthens, making friends
- genital - puberty to death, development of interest in sexual partners
Harry Harlow
infant rehsus monkeys, nourishment vs contact
wire mother with food vs cloth mother, infants preferred cloth mother across situations, contact comfort is critical to attachment
John Bowlby
infant attachment, primary carer’s behavior towards child, secure (positive and loved), avoidant (unloved and rejected), resistant (angry and confused)
Mary Ainsworth
do children differ in the way they bond?, strange situation -> mother (caregiver) and infant are placed in a room together with toys, stranger enters the room and mother leaves, child cries and mother returns to comfort them -> secure (parent = secure base), resistant (show clingy behavior, but then reject mothers attempt to interact with them), avoidant (unresponsive to parent, does not use parent as secure base), disorganized (show odd behavior around caregiver, ran away when mother returned or froze/ran around erratically when they left)
Erik Erikson’s social development
trust vs. mistrust - ages 0-1, basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met
autonomy vs. shame/doubt - ages 1-3, independence
initiative vs. guilt - ages 3-6, taking initiative or develop guilt if unsuccessful
industry vs. inferiority - ages 7-11, develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not
identity vs. role confusion - ages 12-18, experiment with and develop identity and roles
intimacy vs. isolation - ages 19-29, establish intimacy and relationships with others
generativity vs. stagnation - ages 30-64, contribute to society and be part of a family
ego integrity vs. despair - age 65+, assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions
Piaget’s cognitive development
sensorimotor - ages 0-2, world experienced through senses and actions, object permanence, stranger anxiety
preoperational - ages 2-6, use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning
concrete operational - ages 7-11, understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetrical operations
formal operational - age 12+, formal operations, utilize abstract reasoning
Kohlburg’s stages of moral development
stage 1 - obedience and punishment, preconventional
stage 2 - self-interest, preconventional
stage 3 - interpersonal accord and conformity, conventional
stage 4 - authority and maintaining social order, conventional
stage 5 - social contract, post-conventional
stage 6 - universal ethical principles, post-conventional
prenatal development
germinal stage (1-2 weeks)
mitosis - process of cell division, the zygote divides and cells become more specialized, forming organs and body parts
embryonic stage (3-8 weeks)
placenta - structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the embryo via the umbilical cord
fetal period (9-38 weeks)
adolescent development
childhood to adulthood (10-12 – 18-21)
puberty, brain development (early amygdala (emotions) , late - prefrontal cortex (risk taking and decision making), cognitive/social development
