Chapter 7 - Thinking Flashcards
cognition
information/sensations -> emotions/memories -> thoughts -> behavior (sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become behaviors)
concepts
categories of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories (can be complex/abstract or concrete, used to see relationships among different elements of experience)
prototype
the best example or representation of a concept
natural concept
created naturally through either direct or indirect experience (ex. concept of snow)
artificial concept
specific set of characteristics, taking in ideas and information (ex. properties of geometric shapes)
schema
a mental construct consisting of a collection of related concepts
role schema
makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
event schema (cognitive script)
a set of routine or automatic behavior
problem-solving steps
- find and frame the problem
- develop good problem-solving strategies (subgoals, algorithms, heuristics)
- evaluate solutions
- rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time
trial and error
continue trying different solutions until problem is solved
algorithm
step-by-step problem-solving formula
heuristic
general problem-solving framework, working-backwards - begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result
loss aversion
prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains
confirmation bias
search only for information that supports our ideas
hindsight bias
report falsely that we predicted an outcome
availablity heuristic
predict probability based on ease of recall
base-rate neglect
ignore information about general principles
representativeness heuristic
make judgments based on stereotypes
bias blind spot
notice biases in others but not in self
critical thinking
thinking reflective and productively and evaluating the evidence, mindfulness (alert and mentally present), open-mindedness (receptive to new ways of looking at things)
creativity
the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
divergent thinking
outside the box, used when more than one possibility exists as a solution
convergent thinking
ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem
Charles Spearman
intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, focused on commonalities amongst various intellectual abilities
crystalized intelligence
acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it, knowing facts
fluid intelligence
the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems, knowing how to do something
representative sample
a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
the flynn effect
generational improvement of IQ scores on the same bell curve
triarchic theory of intelligence
Robert Sternberg, analytical intelligence - creative intelligence - practical intelligence
muliple intelligences theory
Howard Gardner, linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
emotional intelligence
the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways
