Chapter 8 - Memory Flashcards
memory
the retention of information or experience over time
phases of memory
encoding - taking information in through sensory experiences
storage - retaining information
retrieval - recalling the information
selective attention
ignoring other stimuli
divided attention
paying attention to different things at the same time, worst effect on encoding
sustained attention
maintaining attention over a long period of time
application
note-taking, handwritten is better than laptops, slower writing is deep and more attentive
automatic processing
encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
effortful processing
encoding of details that takes time and effort
semantic
word or label
visual code
detailed and distinctive
acoustic
sounds
processing
shallow - physical, perceptual features
intermediate - category label
deep - meaningful, symbolic characteristics
elaboration
enhances memory, adding meaning, one cue leads to one target, more cues = more likely to access memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin
sensory memory -attention-> short-term memory -encoding-> long-term memory (retrieval for short-term)
rehearsal
conscious repetition of information to be remembered
chunking
organizing information into manageable bit or chunks
elaborative rehearsal
technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
mnemonic devices
memory aids that help us organize information for encoding (expressive writing, saying words aloud)
explicit memory (declarative)
memory with awareness
semantic - facts and knowledge
episodic - personal experiences and events
hippocampus, frontal lobes, amygdala
implicit memory (non-declarative)
memory without awareness
procedural - motor skills and actions
classically conditioned - conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli
hippocampus, temporal lobes, cerebellum
short-term memory
a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory, lasts about 20 seconds
memory consolidation
transfer of STM to long-term
recall
being able to access information without cues
recognition
being able to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again
relearning
learning information that you previously learned
serial position effect
recalling the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle (early - primacy, later - recency)
prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future
anterograde amnesia
unable to make new memories
retrograde amnesia
unable to recall past memories
