Chapter 9: Human Development Flashcards
What is Development?
Development is a series of changes
Domains of Development
- Intelligence
- Memory
- Mental
- Psychosocial
Chronological Age
The number of months or years since an individual’s birth
Developmental Age
The chronological age at which most children show a particular level oh physical or metal age.
Example. The developmental age for walking without assistance is 12 months old
Normative Investigations
Research efforts designed to describe what is characteristic of a specific age or developmental stage
Longitudinal Design
The same participants are observed repeatedly, sometimes over many years
Example. Tracking the same individual over time
Cross-sectional Design
Groups of participants of different chronological ages are observed and compared at a given time
Example. Comparing babies of different ages
Advantages Of Longitudinal Design
1) Researchers can identify individual differences
2) Researchers can examine relationships early and later events and behaviours
Disadvantages of Longitudinal Design
1) Time Consuming & Costly
2) Data are easily lost (high drop-out rate)
3) Data might be contaminated
3 Ways Data Might Be Contaminated In Longitudinal Design
1) Biased Sampling
2) Practice Effects
3) Cohort Effects
Cohort
A group of people who develop in the same time period and are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions
Cohort Effect
Are effects of cultural-historical change on the accuracy of findings
Advantages Of Cross-Sectional Design
1) Takes less time to complete
2) Less costly
3) Not subject to practice effects
Disadvantages Of Cross-Sectional Design
1) Cannot tell if important individual differences exist
2) Cannot tell if an early event has an impact on a later event
3) Cohort Effects (especially comparing two cohorts with a big age difference)
What age group does performance decline for speed of processing, working memory, and long-term memory?
Decreases the older you get
Fluid Intelligence
Your ability to process new information, learn and solve problems
Crystallized Intelligence
Is your stored knowledge, accumulated over the years
A) Which Intelligence increases with age? B) and which Intelligence decreases after early adulthood?
A) Crystallized
B) Fluid
Aging does NOT affect what types of memory?
-Semantic Memory (general knowledge)
-Episodic Memory (personal events)
Is Free Recall or Recognition affected by age?
Free Recall
Age affects which type of memory more significantly?
Age affects NEW MEMORY greater than it affects REMOTE MEMORY
Transience
The tendency to lose access to information across time
Absent-Mindedness
Failure to remember information because of insufficient attention
Misattribution
Remembering a fact correctly but attributing it to an incorrect source or context
Suggestibility
The tendency to incorporate information provided by others into your own recollection and memory representation
Memory Deficit Explanations
-Neurological changes in the brain
-Lack of organization in older adults
-Reduced ability to pay attention in older adults
Infantile/Childhood Amnesia
Inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two to three years of life
Synaptogenesis
Explosion of synapse formation between neurons during early brain development
