Chapter 11: Health & Well-Being Flashcards
Biopsychosocial
Biology, Psychology, Social Context = Health
This Chapters Focus Is On..(2)
Stress & Coping Tactics
Subjective Well-Being
is individual’s overall evaluation of life satisfaction and happiness
Positive Psychology
a movement within psychology that applies research to provide people with the knowledge and skills that allow them to experience fulfilling lives
Three Lines Of Inquiry In Positive Psychology:
- Positive Subjective Experiences: positive moods, positive emotions, flow, mindfulness
- Positive Individual Traits: Hope, resilience, grit, gratitude
- Positive Institutions: Positive workplaces, positive schools
Elements Of Positive Psychology (4)
-Positive Mood
-Gratitude
-Positive Attitude
-Happiness
Growing Up Pyramid (Top To Bottom)
Self-Actualization
Esteem
Love/Belonging
Safety
Physiological
Post-Traumatic Growth
When survivors of serious illnesses, accidents, natural disasters, and other traumatic events, can successfully cope with the trauma and reflect on the event in a positive way
6 Domains Of Post-Traumatic Growth
-new possibilities
-relating to others
-personal strength
-appreciation of life
-spiritual change
-life priority change
Stress
a lack of fit between perceived demands and perceived ability to cope with the demands
Stress Is Felt When:
perceived resources<perceived demands
Primary Appraisal
initial evaluation of the relevance, level of threat, and degree of stress the event brings
Secondary Appraisal
an evaluation of our ability to cope
Ambient Stress
chronic negative conditions embedded in the enviroment
Variety Of Types Of Environmental Stress
-excessive noise, traffic, pollution
-crowding
-poverty (associated with elevated stress hormones)
Rich Countries Struggle To Get:
Self-Actualization and Esteem
Poor Countries Struggle To Get:
Safety and Physiological
Acute Stressors
threatening events that have a relatively short duration and clear endpoint. ex. job interview
Chronic Stressors
threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit. ex. relationship conflicts
Anticipatory Stressors
upcoming or future events that are perceived to be threatening. (can affect us psychologically and physically)
2 Types Of Pressure
-Pressure to perform
-Pressure to conform to expectations
SRRS
social readjustment rating scale
3 Levels Of Stress Responses
-emotional responses. ex anger
-physiological responses. ex hormonal fluctuations
-behavioral responses. ex coping efforts
Intensity Of Stress (Least to Most)
Chronic
Acute Stress
Traumatic Stress
Physiological Responses To Acute Stress
fast-acting autonomous nervous system (compared to the neuroendocrine system)
Where Does The Fight and Flight Response System Occur?
in the autonomic nervous system (ANS): nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands
Sympathetic Division
mobilizes energy during emergencies; engages the fight or flight response
Parasympathetic Division
conserves energy; has calming effect on body
Physiological Responses To Chronic Stress
slower-acting neuroendocrine system
Cortisol
-increase blood sugar
-heightened memory and attention
-increase in blood pressure
-decrease sensitivity to pain
-decrease serotonin
-suppress the immune system
Inverted-U Hypothesis Predicts:
-For low complexity tasks, a high level of arousal is best (rising graph)
-For medium complexity tasks, a medium level of arousal is best (n shaped-graph)
-For high complexity tasks, a low level of arousal is best (decreasing graph)
Social Support
aid provided by members of one’s social networks
Hardiness
a disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance
Optimists
engage in action-oriented, problem-focused, carefully planned coping; are more willing to seek social support
Pessimists
deal with stress by avoiding it, giving up, or using denial
Coping
efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
Learned Helplessness:
passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
Learned Helplessness-Martin Seligman
dogs in electrifying cage
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis:
aggression is always due to frustration
Freud:
aggressive acts release emotional tension in a process called catharsis
Displacement
the transfer of negative emotion from one person or thing to an unrelated person or thing
Why Do Students Procrastinate?
-desire to minimize time on a task
-desire to optimize efficiency
-close proximity to reward
-students often get rewarded for procrastination
Construction Coping
refers to efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful
Constructive Coping Involves:
-confronting problems directly
-effort
-realistic appraisals of stress and coping resources
-learning to recognize and manage disruptive emotional reactions to stress
3 Main Categories Of Constructive Coping Strategies:
1) appraisal-focused
2) problem-focused
3) emotion-focused
Appraisal-Focused Strategies
-detecting negative self-talk
-rational thinking
-finding humor in the situation
Problem-Focused Strategies
-active problem solving
-seeking social support
-improving self-control
Emotion-Focused Strategies
-distracting oneself
-exercising
-meditating
Elli’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy and the (ABC) Model
therapy that focuses on altering clients’ patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behavior
Negative Appraisals (or beliefs)
often associated with catastrophic thinking, which exaggerates the magnitude of our problems
Positive (realistic and/or optimistic)
appraisals allow constructive coping
Using Systematic Problem Solving
-clarifying the problem
-generate alternative courses of action
-evaluate your alternatives and select a course of action
-take action while maintaining flexibility
2 Psychosocial Modifiers Of Stress Are:
1) Social Support
-the perceived comfort, caring, esteem, or help people receive from other people
2) A Sense Of Personal Control
-the feeling that one can make decisions and take effective action to produce desirable outcomes and avoid undesirable ones
Types Of Social Support
-Emotional Support
-Esteem Support
-Tangible or Instrumental Support
-Informational Support
-Network Support
Types Of Control
1) BehaviouralControl
2) Cognitive Control
3) Decisional Control
4) Informational Control
Enhancing Emotional Intelligence:
-be capable to perceive and express emotion
-use emotions to facilitate thought
-understand and reason with emotion
-regulate emotion
Low Emotional Intelligence is linked to..?
burnout
Components Of Burnout
1) Exhaustion
2) Cynicism
3) Lowered self-efficacy
Aristotle’s Definition Of Happiness
happiness was attained by living a virtuous life and being a good person
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Definition Of Happiness
the road to happiness lies in the satisfaction of one’s desires and the hedonistic pursuit of pleasure
William James’ Definition Of Happiness
happiness was the ratio of one’s accomplishments to one’s aspirations
Positive Illusion
an inflated view of one’s own characteristics as a good, able, and desirable person
Happiness peaks at age
74
Happiness starts to increase at age
46
The correlation between a nation’s well-being score and its gross national product is…
+67
Gender, age, ethnicity, and income account for only __ to __ % of the variation in happiness
10 to 15%
Two personality traits that are closely related to well-being:
-Extraversion (warmth, positive emotions, etc)
-Neuroticism (anxiety, depression, etc)
Factors Affecting People’s Subjective Well-Being:
-personality
-life satisfaction
-social support
-socioeconomic status
HPA
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. (slow acting response)
