Chapter 9 - Group Processes Flashcards
Group
two or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other
Social roles
shared expectations in a group about how group members are supposed to behave
Group cohesiveness
the qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between them
Social facilitation
when people are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated, the tendency to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks
Social loafing
when people are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, they tend to perform worse on simple or unimportant tasks but better on complex and important tasks
Deindividuation
the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified
Process loss
inefficient problem-solving in groups
Groupthink
when group cohesiveness comes in the way of clear thinking and good decision making
Group polarization
the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of their members
Great person theory
certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation
Transactional leaders
set clear, short-term goals, and reward people who meet them
Transformational leaders
inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals
Contingency theory of leadership
states that the effectiveness of a leader depends both on how task or relationship oriented the leader is and on the amount of control the leader has over the group
Task-oriented leaders
concerned more with getting the job done than with workers’ feelings and relationships
Relationship-oriented leader
concerned more with the workers’ feelings and relationships than the task
Social dilemma
a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, have harmful effects on everyone
Tit-for-tat strategy
encouraging cooperation by first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did on the previous trial
Negotiation
a form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers, and counteroffers are made, and in which a solution occurs only when both parties agree
Integrative solution
a solution to a conflict whereby parties make trade-offs on issues, with each side conceding the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side
