Chapter 12 - Aggression

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

the intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person

Question 2

Hostile aggression

Answer 2

aggression stemming from feelings of anger aimed with the goal of inflicting pain or injury

Question 3

Instrumental aggression

Answer 3

aggression that is done as a means to achieve some goal other than causing pain

Question 4

Challenge hypothesis

Answer 4

states that testosterone relates to aggression only when there are opportunities for reproduction

Question 5

Dual hormone hypothesis

Answer 5

states that testosterone relates to dominanace-seeking behavior only when the stress hormone, cortisol, is not elevated
- when cortisol is elevated, testosterone is related to systematically less aggressive and dominance-seeking behavior

Question 6

Gender and aggression

Answer 6

most cases of extreme violence are done by men, however there is no significant difference in the percentage of men and women who are physcally aggressive towards their partners

Question 7

Relational aggression

Answer 7

women are more likely to commit relational aggression
- harming another person through the manipulation of relationships

Question 8

Social cognitive learning theory

Answer 8

states that people learn social behavior in large part through observation and imitation of others, and by cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

Question 9

Effects of alcohol

Answer 9

lowers our inhibitions against acting in ways frowned by society, including aggression

Question 10

Effects of pain and heat

Answer 10

when people experience discomfort, such as pain and heat, the threshold for aggressive behavior is lowered

Question 11

Frustration aggression theory

Answer 11

frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response

Question 12

Weapons effect

Answer 12

the increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

Question 13

Sexual script

Answer 13

a set of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer groups

Question 14

Effect of the media

Answer 14

different forms of media, such as video games and movies, can increase the frequency of aggressive behavior, angry emotions, and hostile thoughts

Question 15

Effect of severe punishments

Answer 15

can increase the attractiveness of aggressive behavior

Question 16

Effect of mild punishments

Answer 16

more likely to lead to a behavioral change because they cause cognitive dissonance
- punishment only works if it is immediate and inevitable

Question 17

Is catharsis (blowing off steam) effective in releasing anger

Answer 17

catharsis is not effective in releasing anger, as is can increase acts of aggression, and increases the likelihood that it will be repeated