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IMAT Bio > Chapter 9: Genetics and Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Genetics and Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What do all living organisms inherit from their parents?

A

Genetic information (chromosomes)

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2
Q

How are genes arranged on chromosomes?

A

In a linear sequence.

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3
Q

What process allows new combinations of alleles to form?

A

Meiosis.

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4
Q

What happens during the fusion of gametes?

A

New allele combinations form.

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5
Q

What is a heritable factor that influences a characteristic?

A

A gene.

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6
Q

Where is a gene for a specific trait located?

A

At a locus on a chromosome.

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7
Q

What are variations of a gene called?

A

Alleles.

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8
Q

How do alleles differ from one another?

A

By one or a few bases.

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9
Q

What type of reproduction involves two parents?

A

Sexual reproduction.

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10
Q

How do asexual and sexual reproduction differ in chromosomes?

A

Asexual reproduction involves one chromosome; sexual involves pairs of chromosomes.

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11
Q

What are plasmids

A

and where are they found?

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12
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that carry the same genes.

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13
Q

What is the shape and size of homologous chromosomes?

A

Similar.

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14
Q

What happens when chromatids separate?

A

They become identical chromosomes.

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15
Q

What is a karyogram?

A

A chromosome representation based on size and shape.

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16
Q

What do diploid cells contain?

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes.

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17
Q

What is the diploid number in humans?

A

46

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18
Q

What type of cells are haploid in humans?

A

Gametes.

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19
Q

What does the variable n represent?

A

The haploid number.

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20
Q

What results from the fusion of haploid gametes?

A

A diploid zygote.

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21
Q

Which nuclear division results in genetically identical cells?

A

Mitosis.

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22
Q

What does meiosis introduce into gametes?

A

Genetic variation.

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23
Q

How many chromosomes does the 23rd pair determine?

A

Sex.

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24
Q

What is the chromosomal difference between males and females?

A

XX = female

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25
Q

How many autosomes do humans have?

A

22 pairs.

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26
Q

What are the two divisions of meiosis?

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

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27
Q

What is meiosis I known as?

A

Reduction division.

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28
Q

What happens during Prophase I of meiosis?

A

Crossing over of homologous chromosomes.

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29
Q

What occurs during Metaphase I in meiosis?

A

Random orientation of chromosomes.

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30
Q

Why can’t triploid cells undergo meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes cannot pair.

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31
Q

Where does meiosis occur in animals?

A

Gonads.

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32
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation of female gametes.

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33
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of male gametes.

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34
Q

What is genotype?

A

Symbolic representation of alleles.

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35
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Observable characteristics or traits.

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36
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Two identical alleles.

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37
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Two different alleles.

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38
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele expressed in both homozygous and heterozygous states.

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39
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele expressed only in the homozygous state.

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40
Q

What are co-dominant alleles?

A

Alleles that both affect the phenotype in a heterozygote.

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41
Q

What is a carrier in genetics?

A

An individual with a recessive allele not expressed in the phenotype.

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42
Q

What is a test cross?

A

Crossing a heterozygote with a homozygous recessive to determine genotype.

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43
Q

What does a Punnett grid show?

A

How parental alleles segregate and combine in offspring.

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44
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross showing inheritance of one trait.

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45
Q

What determines the phenotype in albinism?

A

The presence of the aa genotype.

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46
Q

What is the phenotype of Aa in albinism?

A

Pigmentation; carrier of albinism allele.

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47
Q

What ratio of tall to short plants was observed in Mendel’s F2 generation?

A

3:1.

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48
Q

What is co-dominance in snapdragons?

A

Red and white alleles both influence flower color.

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49
Q

How many alleles control ABO blood groups?

A

Three: IA

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50
Q

Which allele combination results in type O blood?

A

ii.

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51
Q

What is an example of an autosomal recessive disease?

A

Cystic fibrosis.

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52
Q

Which chromosomes determine sex-linked traits?

A

X and Y chromosomes.

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53
Q

Why are males more likely to exhibit X-linked traits?

A

Males have only one X chromosome.

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54
Q

What are examples of sex-linked traits?

A

Color blindness

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55
Q

What does Huntington’s disease result from?

A

A dominant allele.

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56
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A cross showing inheritance of two traits.

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57
Q

What is the phenotype ratio in a dihybrid cross of heterozygotes?

A

9:3:3:1.

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58
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Genes on the same chromosome that do not assort independently.

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59
Q

What creates recombinants in linked genes?

A

Crossing over.

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60
Q

What does the crossover value measure?

A

The distance between loci on a chromosome.

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61
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Traits controlled by multiple genes.

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62
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

A range of phenotypes from multiple genes and environmental factors.

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63
Q

What are examples of polygenic traits?

A

Height

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64
Q

What happens during meiosis II?

A

Separation of sister chromatids.

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65
Q

What is the diploid number in fruit flies?

A

8

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66
Q

What structure contains genes?

A

Chromosomes.

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67
Q

What are autosomal chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes not involved in determining sex.

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68
Q

What increases genetic variation during meiosis?

A

Crossing over and independent assortment.

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69
Q

What does a locus represent?

A

A gene’s specific position on a chromosome.

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70
Q

What happens to homologous chromosomes in meiosis I?

A

They pair and separate.

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71
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a chromosome after replication.

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72
Q

What is the result of random chromosome orientation?

A

Unique combinations of gametes.

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73
Q

Why is meiosis called reduction division?

A

It reduces the chromosome number by half.

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74
Q

What is the role of centromeres?

A

They attach chromatids in a chromosome.

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75
Q

How many alleles does each gamete carry per gene?

A

One.

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76
Q

What does a genotype describe?

A

The genetic composition of an organism.

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77
Q

What is the phenotype ratio in a monohybrid cross of heterozygotes?

A

3:1.

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78
Q

What happens during fertilization?

A

Two haploid cells combine to form a diploid zygote.

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79
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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80
Q

What is the phenotype of a heterozygous dominant genotype?

A

The dominant trait.

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81
Q

What does the symbol 2n represent?

A

Diploid chromosome number.

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82
Q

What increases the survival chances of offspring?

A

Genetic variation.

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83
Q

What is the smallest human chromosome?

A

Y chromosome.

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84
Q

How many genes are on the X chromosome?

A

Significantly more than the Y chromosome.

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85
Q

What happens during Prophase I?

A

Homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over.

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86
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce gametes with half the chromosome number.

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87
Q

What is a phenotype influenced by?

A

Genotype and environment.

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88
Q

What results from a dihybrid test cross?

A

Four phenotype classes.

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89
Q

What are examples of recombinant phenotypes?

A

New combinations of parental traits.

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90
Q

What determines continuous variation?

A

Multiple genes and environmental influences.

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91
Q

What phenotype does IAIB produce?

A

AB blood type.

92
Q

What does the ABO blood group demonstrate?

A

Multiple alleles and co-dominance.

93
Q

What genetic structure replicates independently in prokaryotes?

A

Plasmids.

94
Q

What does a karyogram display?

A

Chromosomes arranged by size and shape.

95
Q

Question

A

Answer

96
Q

What does the centromere connect?

A

Sister chromatids.

97
Q

What genotype produces type AB blood?

A

IAIB.

98
Q

What genotype produces type O blood?

A

ii.

99
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes with the same genes

100
Q

What is the main purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth and repair.

101
Q

What cells are formed by meiosis?

A

Gametes.

102
Q

What is the diploid chromosome number in humans?

A

46

103
Q

What type of allele is always expressed in the phenotype?

A

Dominant allele.

104
Q

What is the role of meiosis in reproduction?

A

Halve chromosome numbers to form gametes.

105
Q

What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant individual?

A

AA.

106
Q

What is a dihybrid cross used to study?

A

Inheritance of two traits.

107
Q

What is the result of random orientation?

A

Unique gametes.

108
Q

What type of chromosome is the Y chromosome?

A

Sex chromosome.

109
Q

What is the genetic makeup of a zygote?

A

Diploid.

110
Q

What are examples of sex-linked traits?

A

Hemophilia

111
Q

What happens during crossing over?

A

Chromatids exchange genetic material.

112
Q

What genetic phenomenon explains tortoiseshell cats?

A

X-inactivation.

113
Q

What ratio results from a heterozygous monohybrid cross?

A

3:1.

114
Q

What type of inheritance is shown in height variation?

A

Polygenic inheritance.

115
Q

What is the haploid number in humans?

A

23

116
Q

What allele combination produces type A blood?

A

IAIA or IAi.

117
Q

What allele combination produces type B blood?

A

IBIB or IBi.

118
Q

What is a polygenic trait?

A

A trait controlled by multiple genes.

119
Q

What is discrete variation?

A

Traits with limited categories.

120
Q

What type of chromosomes are involved in autosomal linkage?

A

Non-sex chromosomes.

121
Q

What are recombinant offspring?

A

Offspring with new combinations of traits.

122
Q

What is the phenotype of Aa?

A

Dominant trait expressed.

123
Q

What is the phenotype of aa?

A

Recessive trait expressed.

124
Q

What happens during anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids separate.

125
Q

What is the function of spindle fibers?

A

To separate chromosomes.

126
Q

What is a Punnett square used for?

A

Predicting offspring genotypes.

127
Q

What is albinism caused by?

A

A recessive allele.

128
Q

What is an example of a dominant genetic disorder?

A

Huntington’s disease.

129
Q

What is the phenotype of IAi?

A

Type A blood.

130
Q

What is a sex-linked trait?

A

A trait controlled by genes on sex chromosomes.

131
Q

What are examples of polygenic traits?

A

Skin color

132
Q

What type of inheritance explains ABO blood groups?

A

Multiple alleles and co-dominance.

133
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

Observable traits.

134
Q

What is a genotype?

A

Genetic composition of an organism.

135
Q

What is a carrier?

A

An individual with a recessive allele not expressed in the phenotype.

136
Q

What structure contains genetic material?

A

Chromosome.

137
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

Four haploid cells.

138
Q

What is the diploid number in humans?

A

46

139
Q

What is the probability of a male child?

A

0.5

140
Q

What is the function of crossing over?

A

To increase genetic variation.

141
Q

What cells are haploid in humans?

A

Gametes.

142
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Independent DNA in prokaryotes.

143
Q

What is the phenotype of IBi?

A

Type B blood.

144
Q

What is the genotype of a homozygous recessive individual?

A

aa.

145
Q

What is the phenotype of a heterozygote?

A

Dominant trait.

146
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Failure of chromosome separation.

147
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Random distribution of chromosomes during meiosis.

148
Q

What ratio results from a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1.

149
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Non-sex chromosomes.

150
Q

What creates continuous variation?

A

Polygenic inheritance and environment.

151
Q

What type of genetic condition is albinism?

A

Autosomal recessive.

152
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Identical diploid cells.

153
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes with the same genes.

154
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells.

155
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

Produce haploid cells.

156
Q

What increases genetic diversity in gametes?

A

Crossing over and random orientation.

157
Q

What determines sex in humans?

A

23rd chromosome pair.

158
Q

What is the phenotype of ii?

A

Type O blood.

159
Q

What increases the number of phenotypes?

A

Polygenic inheritance.

160
Q

Question

A

Answer

161
Q
  1. What is the role of meiosis in gamete formation?
A

To reduce chromosome number by half.

162
Q
  1. What happens during metaphase I of meiosis?
A

Homologous chromosomes align in the center.

163
Q
  1. How does crossing over contribute to variation?
A

By exchanging segments between homologous chromatids.

164
Q
  1. What is a haploid cell?
A

A cell with one set of chromosomes.

165
Q
  1. What is a diploid cell?
A

A cell with two sets of chromosomes.

166
Q
  1. What determines whether an individual is male or female?
A

The 23rd chromosome pair (XX or XY).

167
Q

What is the purpose of independent assortment?

A

To create genetic diversity in offspring.

168
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

A

23

169
Q

What is a phenotype ratio?

A

The ratio of observable traits in offspring.

170
Q

What is the law of segregation?

A

Alleles separate into different gametes during meiosis.

171
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A haploid sex cell.

172
Q

What is fertilization?

A

The fusion of male and female gametes.

173
Q

What happens during anaphase I of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart.

174
Q

What happens during prophase II of meiosis?

A

A new spindle apparatus forms in each haploid cell.

175
Q

What is the result of meiosis II?

A

Four haploid cells.

176
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg cell.

177
Q

What type of inheritance pattern explains blood types?

A

Multiple alleles and co-dominance.

178
Q

What does homozygous dominant mean?

A

Having two dominant alleles.

179
Q

What does homozygous recessive mean?

A

Having two recessive alleles.

180
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Having one dominant and one recessive allele.

181
Q

What is a test cross used for?

A

To determine if an individual is heterozygous or homozygous.

182
Q

What is an autosomal recessive condition?

A

A genetic disorder caused by two recessive alleles.

183
Q

What does polygenic inheritance affect?

A

Traits controlled by multiple genes.

184
Q

How does the Y chromosome differ from the X chromosome?

A

It is smaller and contains fewer genes.

185
Q

What is the phenotype of a homozygous recessive individual?

A

The recessive trait.

186
Q

What is codominance?

A

Both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygote.

187
Q

What does random orientation lead to in meiosis?

A

Genetic diversity in gametes.

188
Q

What is a locus?

A

The location of a gene on a chromosome.

189
Q

What is the phenotype ratio in a heterozygous monohybrid cross?

A

3:1.

190
Q

How does a heterozygous genotype express traits?

A

The dominant allele is expressed.

191
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A genetic cross examining two traits.

192
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

A range of phenotypes influenced by multiple genes.

193
Q

What happens during telophase II of meiosis?

A

Four nuclei form

194
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Identical copies of a replicated chromosome.

195
Q

What does an autosome carry?

A

Genes unrelated to sex determination.

196
Q

What type of cell division results in haploid cells?

A

Meiosis.

197
Q

What does independent assortment ensure?

A

That gametes have unique combinations of alleles.

198
Q

What is the genotype of a carrier?

A

Heterozygous (Aa).

199
Q

What is the result of nondisjunction in meiosis?

A

Aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome number).

200
Q

What is a recombinant chromosome?

A

A chromosome with new combinations of alleles due to crossing over.

201
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human zygote?

A

46

202
Q

What is the dominant phenotype?

A

The trait expressed in the presence of at least one dominant allele.

203
Q

How do alleles segregate during meiosis?

A

Into separate gametes.

204
Q

What is the genotype of a homozygous dominant individual?

A

AA.

205
Q

What is the genotype of a heterozygous individual?

A

Aa.

206
Q

How is genetic variation increased in sexual reproduction?

A

Through crossing over and independent assortment.

207
Q

What is a genotype ratio?

A

The ratio of genetic combinations in offspring.

208
Q

What is the phenotype of IAIB blood type?

A

AB blood type.

209
Q

What is the phenotype ratio in a dihybrid cross of heterozygotes?

A

9:3:3:1.

210
Q

What does the term “sex-linked” mean?

A

A gene located on a sex chromosome.

211
Q

How does a recessive allele behave in heterozygotes?

A

It is masked by the dominant allele.

212
Q

What is a characteristic of linked genes?

A

They are inherited together unless separated by crossing over.

213
Q

How many genes control polygenic traits?

A

Two or more genes.

214
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

The haploid stage in a plant’s life cycle.

215
Q

How does meiosis I differ from mitosis?

A

It involves homologous chromosome separation.

216
Q

What is a recombinant phenotype?

A

A trait combination not seen in the parents.

217
Q

How does crossing over affect linked genes?

A

It produces new allele combinations.

218
Q

What is an example of discrete variation?

A

Blood groups.

219
Q

What is the phenotype ratio in a test cross of heterozygotes?

A

1:1.

220
Q

What is the function of the centromere?

A

To hold sister chromatids together.

221
Q

What happens in metaphase II of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes align at the cell center.

222
Q

What is genetic linkage?

A

When genes are located close together on the same chromosome.

223
Q

What is an example of an autosomal dominant disorder?

A

Huntington’s disease.

224
Q

How do homologous chromosomes differ?

A

They have the same genes but may have different alleles.

225
Q

What are examples of continuous variation?

A

Height

226
Q

What is the genotype for type O blood?

A

ii.

IMAT Bio (11 decks)

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