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IMAT Bio > Chapter 3: Cell Membrane > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cell Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

What forms bilayers in water due to their amphipathic properties?

A

Phospholipids

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2
Q

How do phospholipid molecules move within their monolayers?

A

By diffusion

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3
Q

What effect does increased saturation of phospholipid tails have on membrane fluidity?

A

Decreases fluidity

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4
Q

What happens to membrane fluidity as phospholipid tail length increases?

A

Decreases fluidity

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5
Q

How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?

A

Decreasing temperature reduces fluidity

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6
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

Mitigates changes in fluidity

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7
Q

What is the approximate thickness of the cell membrane?

A

7 nm

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8
Q

Which part of cholesterol is hydrophobic?

A

Tails

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9
Q

Which part of cholesterol is hydrophilic?

A

Heads

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10
Q

What type of molecule is cholesterol in terms of polarity?

A

Amphipathic

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11
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

A

Provides mechanical stability

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12
Q

What is the primary composition of the cell membrane bilayer?

A

Phospholipids

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13
Q

How does the fluidity of the membrane compare to a mosaic?

A

Proteins and lipids move like icebergs in the sea

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14
Q

What does the term ‘mosaic’ in the fluid mosaic model refer to?

A

The scattered protein molecules

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15
Q

What are the two states that phospholipid tails can exhibit?

A

Saturated or unsaturated

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16
Q

What are intrinsic proteins?

A

Proteins embedded in the membrane

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17
Q

What are extrinsic proteins?

A

Proteins bound to intrinsic proteins or phospholipids

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18
Q

Where are transmembrane proteins located?

A

Spanning the whole membrane

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19
Q

What role do glycolipids play in the cell membrane?

A

Cell signaling

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20
Q

What are glycoproteins composed of?

A

Lipids with short carbohydrate chains

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21
Q

What is one function of glycoproteins?

A

Cell adhesion

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22
Q

Name two types of membrane proteins.

A

Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins

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23
Q

What determines the location of intrinsic proteins?

A

Inner layer

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24
Q

What is the function of proteins in cell signaling?

A

Transmitting signals for cellular communication

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25
Q

Which proteins provide hydrophilic pathways for ions?

A

Channel proteins

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26
Q

How do carrier proteins operate in facilitated diffusion?

A

By flipping between two conformations

27
Q

Which process involves engulfing material into the cell?

A

Endocytosis

28
Q

What is the bulk uptake of liquid by cells called?

A

Pinocytosis

29
Q

What type of proteins allow charged substances to diffuse?

A

Channel proteins

30
Q

What mechanism involves the release of materials from cells?

A

Exocytosis

31
Q

What does it mean for the membrane to be semi-permeable?

A

Allows selective movement of substances

32
Q

How do molecules move during diffusion?

A

Down a concentration gradient

33
Q

Name a factor that affects the rate of diffusion.

A

Steepness of the concentration gradient

34
Q

How does temperature impact diffusion?

A

Higher temperature increases diffusion rate

35
Q

What types of molecules diffuse more slowly through the membrane?

A

Large

36
Q

Why can water molecules diffuse rapidly despite being polar?

A

They are small enough

37
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water from higher to lower water potential

38
Q

Through what structure does osmosis occur?

A

Semi-permeable membrane

39
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion through transport proteins

40
Q

What provides energy for active transport?

A

ATP

41
Q

What is an example of active transport in cells?

A

Sodium-potassium pump

42
Q

What type of transport moves materials against a concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

43
Q

Which process involves cell ‘eating’?

A

Phagocytosis

44
Q

What is the key feature of a dilute solution in terms of water potential?

A

Higher water potential

45
Q

How do gland cells release hormones?

A

Exocytosis

46
Q

What is required for bulk transport mechanisms?

A

Energy (ATP)

47
Q

What determines the rate of diffusion across a surface?

A

Surface area

48
Q

What happens to respiratory gases during diffusion?

A

They move across membranes

49
Q

What is the main role of transport proteins in the membrane?

A

Facilitating the movement of specific molecules

50
Q

What property allows phospholipids to form bilayers in water?

A

Amphipathic properties

51
Q

How do unsaturated phospholipid tails affect membrane fluidity?

A

Increase fluidity

52
Q

What role does temperature play in membrane diffusion?

A

Lower temperature decreases diffusion

53
Q

What is the role of short carbohydrate chains attached to glycolipids?

A

Cell signaling

54
Q

Why is the cell membrane referred to as ‘fluid’?

A

Because lipids and proteins can move by diffusion

55
Q

What does the steepness of a concentration gradient influence?

A

The rate of diffusion

56
Q

Which type of transport requires energy input?

A

Active transport

57
Q

How do large

A

polar molecules like glucose move across the membrane?

58
Q

What mechanism do cells use to engulf solid materials?

A

Phagocytosis

59
Q

What process allows respiratory gases like oxygen to cross membranes?

A

Simple diffusion

60
Q

What type of transport involves moving materials into cells via vesicles?

A

Endocytosis

61
Q

What is the main function of carrier proteins during active transport?

A

To pump substances against the concentration gradient

62
Q

How do channel proteins differ from carrier proteins?

A

Channel proteins provide fixed pathways; carriers change shape

63
Q

What happens to plant cells in a dilute solution during osmosis?

A

Water enters the cell

64
Q

What is the function of pinocytosis in cells?

A

Bulk uptake of liquids

IMAT Bio (11 decks)

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