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IMAT Bio > Chapter 7: Energy and Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Energy and Cell Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of mitochondrial DNA?

A

Codes for rRNA, tRNA, and 13 proteins for respiration.

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2
Q

How are mitochondrial mutations inherited?

A

Through the mother.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of three-parent IVF?

(in vitro fertilization)

A

To prevent passing on mitochondrial disorders.

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4
Q

What do autotrophs use as a carbon source?

A

Carbon dioxide.

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5
Q

What do heterotrophs rely on for carbon?

A

Ready-made organic molecules.

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6
Q

Name two functions of organic molecules in cells.

A

Building blocks and energy storage.

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7
Q

What types of work do cells perform?

A

Synthesis, transport, mechanical movement, bioluminescence.

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8
Q

How do cells produce energy from glucose?

A

Through oxidation.

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9
Q

What molecule is the universal energy carrier in cells?

A

ATP.

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol.

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11
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Splitting of glucose into pyruvate.

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12
Q

What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP.

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13
Q

What is the product of the link reaction?

A

Acetyl CoA.

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14
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix.

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15
Q

What molecule starts the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA.

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16
Q

What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

To produce NADH and FADH₂.

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17
Q

What are the products of one glucose molecule in the Krebs cycle?

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP, and 4 CO₂.

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18
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP is produced using the ETC and ATP synthase.

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19
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen.

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20
Q

What is the theoretical ATP yield of cellular respiration?

A

36 ATP.

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21
Q

What is the actual ATP yield of cellular respiration?

A

30 ATP.

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22
Q

Why is the actual ATP yield lower than theoretical?

A

Proton leaks and pyruvate transport.

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23
Q

What are the byproducts of anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Lactate.

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24
Q

What are the byproducts of anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Ethanol and CO₂.

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25
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

Cytosol.

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26
Q

What happens to lactate in mammals after anaerobic respiration?

A

It is converted back to pyruvate in the liver.

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27
Q

Why is ethanol production irreversible?

A

Carbon dioxide is released during the process, which readily diffuses away, making it difficult to reverse the reaction and regenerate pyruvate from ethanol (cause lost all the C)

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28
Q

What macromolecules besides glucose can be used in respiration?

A

Lipids and amino acids.

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29
Q

What happens to lipids in respiration?

A

Converted to acetyl CoA.

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30
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Extra oxygen required after exercise to restore balance.

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31
Q

How do cristae benefit mitochondria?

A

Increase surface area for reactions.

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32
Q

What is the role of the mitochondrial inner membrane?

A

Houses the ETC and ATP synthase.

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33
Q

What is the role of NADH in the ETC?

A

Transfers electrons.

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34
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

Enzyme that produces ATP.

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35
Q

How is a proton gradient created in the ETC?

A

By pumping H⁺ ions into the intermembrane space.

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36
Q

Why do protons flow back through ATP synthase?

A

Due to the concentration gradient.

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37
Q

What happens to energy not converted to ATP?

A

Lost as heat.

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38
Q

Where is oxygen used in respiration?

A

As the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation.

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39
Q

What is the role of FADH₂?

A

Transfers electrons to the ETC.

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40
Q

How many ATP does one NADH produce?

A

3 ATP.

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41
Q

How many ATP does one FADH₂ produce?

A

2 ATP.

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42
Q

What regulates glycolysis?

A

ATP levels via feedback inhibition.

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43
Q

What enzyme catalyzes lactate formation?

A

Lactate dehydrogenase.

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44
Q

What enzyme catalyzes ethanol formation?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase.

45
Q

How does oxygen debt affect breathing after exercise?

A

Increases breathing to repay the deficit.

46
Q

What is the role of coenzyme A in respiration?

A

Combines with acetyl groups to form acetyl CoA.

47
Q

What is a respiratory substrate?

A

A molecule used for energy production in respiration.

48
Q

Why is glucose the main respiratory substrate?

A

It is easily broken down for energy.

49
Q

What happens during the oxidation phase of glycolysis?

A

ATP and NADH are formed.

50
Q

How does anaerobic respiration differ from aerobic respiration?

A

It does not use oxygen and produces less ATP.

51
Q

What type of molecule is NADH?

A

An electron carrier.

52
Q

What are the two main steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ETC activity and ATP synthesis.

53
Q

How many ATP molecules are generated in glycolysis per glucose molecule?

A

4 ATP, with a net gain of 2 ATP.

54
Q

What determines mitochondrial count in cells?

A

The cell’s energy demand.

55
Q

What cells have the highest mitochondrial density?

A

Liver cells.

56
Q

What is bioluminescence?

A

Light production in some organisms using ATP.

57
Q

What is the first step of glucose metabolism in cells?

A

Glycolysis.

58
Q

What happens to NADH in the absence of oxygen?

A

It transfers hydrogens to pyruvate or ethanal.

59
Q

What happens during pyruvate dehydrogenation?

A

Removal of hydrogen atoms.

60
Q

What happens during pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

Removal of CO₂.

61
Q

Why do red blood cells rely on glycolysis?

A

They lack mitochondria.

62
Q

What is the primary fuel for respiration?

A

Glucose.

63
Q

What process regenerates NAD⁺ in fermentation?

A

Reduction of pyruvate or ethanal.

64
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose in fermentation?

A

2 ATP.

65
Q

What is the role of the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

Regulates molecule entry and exit.

66
Q

Why does lactic acid build up in muscles?

A

Due to anaerobic respiration during oxygen deficit.

67
Q

What maintains the H⁺ gradient in the mitochondria?

A

Proton pumping by the ETC.

68
Q

Why is oxidative phosphorylation oxygen-dependent?

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

69
Q

What is the main energy yield of the Krebs cycle?

A

NADH and FADH₂.

70
Q

How do lipids enter the respiration pathway?

A

As acetyl CoA.

71
Q

Why are cristae longer in active cells?

A

To maximize ATP production.

72
Q

What molecules store energy in respiration?

A

NADH, FADH₂, and ATP.

73
Q

What is the significance of coenzymes in respiration?

A

They assist in electron transfer and energy release.

74
Q

The need for energy in living organisms

Why is Carbon a vital element?

for living organisms

A

All macromolecules are made of Carbon
-> Requires Carbon to synthesize

75
Q

The need for energy in living organisms

What are organisms that use inorganic carbon source called?

CO2, synthesizing their own organic molecules

A

Autotrophs

like plants

76
Q

The need for energy in living organisms

What are organisms that use organic Carbon supply called?

ready-made organic supply of C

A

Heterotrophs

like animals

77
Q

The need for energy in living organisms

2 uses of organic molecules in living organisms?

related to catabolism and anabolism

A
  • Anabolism: building blocks to form macromolecules
  • Catabolism: store chemical potential energy in bonds

break the bonds for energy

78
Q

Work that cells do

What is work?

A
  • Energy consumption
  • Energy in transition between states/objects
79
Q

Work that cells do

Some types of doing work in living organisms?

just name a few

A
  • synthesis of macromolecules
  • active transport (pumps)
  • muscle contraction
  • bioluminescence
  • cellular movements
80
Q

The need for energy in living organisms

Relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs

‘cause they can’t make their own organic supply

81
Q

Work that cells do

What process of what substance gives energy for cells to do work?

A

Oxidation of glucose

82
Q

Work that cells do

Equation for oxidation of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2870 kJ

exergonic (energy of product < energy of reactant => released energy)

83
Q

Work that cells do

Why won’t cells simply burn glucose but need respiration?

A

Too much energy released at once:
* wasted
* harm cells

84
Q

Work that cells do

Why must cells convert energy into ATP?

adenosine triphosphate

A

Store energy for later use

energy currency of cells

85
Q

ATP

How is energy extracted from ATP?

A

Removes phosphate group 1 by 1

dephosphorylate

86
Q

ATP

Dephosphorylation of the 1st and 2nd phosphate group gives 30.5 kJ/mol, but the 3rd only gives 14.2 kJ/mol. Why?

A

Link between γ-β and β-α phosphate group is phosphoanhydride, while α-ribose is phosphodiester

Energy of phosphoanhydride > phosphodiester

87
Q

ATP - Synthesis of ATP

How?

A
  • Using energy released by chemical reaction to phosphorylate ADP (substrate-linked reaction)
  • Movement of H+ down a concentration gradient (chemiosmosis)

glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

88
Q

ATP - Synthesis of ATP

Which method is more used by a cell to create ATP?

substrate-linked-reaction or chemiosmosis

A

Chemiosmosis

89
Q

ATP - Synthesis of ATP

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Process where ATP produced using energy from transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain

in cristae

90
Q

Respiration

Definition?

technically oxidation

A

Organic molecules broken down in a seris of stages
* Releases chemical potential energy
* Synthesize ATP

91
Q

Respiration

Stages of glucose breakdown?

A

Glycolysis -> Link reaction -> Krebs cycle -> Oxidative phosphorylation

Link reaction = Pyruvate oxidation

92
Q

Respiration

Where does respiration occur in prokaryotes?

A

Cytosol and Plasma membrane

PM only for oxidative phosphorylation

93
Q

Respiration

Where does respiration occur in eukaryotes?

A

Cytosol -> Mitochondrial matrix (2) -> Inner mitochondrial membrane

94
Q

Respiration

What is the input of respiration?

A

Glucose, O2

95
Q

Respiration

How is glucose moved through membranes?

A

Using GLUT enzyme

GLUcose Transporter

96
Q

Respiration

What is the output of respiration?

A

CO2, ATP, H2O

97
Q

Respiration

Why is CO2 an indicator of the end of oxidation?

A

CO2 is the most oxidised form of Carbon (C+4)

end products of glu. oxi. are always CO2 and H2O

98
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

99
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

Why does glycolysis occur in cytoplasm?

A
  • Glycolytic enzymes are present
  • Doesn’t need to further diffuse glucose
100
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

Final product of glycolysis from 1 glucose?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

101
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

How is the concentration of pyruvate regulated?

A

End-product inhibition, excess C% of pyruvate will block enzymes

102
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

Which enzymes are involved in glycolysis?

3 major control points (in 10)

A
  • Hexokinase
  • Phosphofructokinase (afffects most if blocked)
  • Pyruvate kinase
103
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

3 main stages of glycolysis

A

Phosphorylation -> Lysis -> Oxidation

fructose biphosphate -> 2 triose phosphate -> 2 pyruvate

https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/3ac5f05c70a76473139a0abb96318146af528f48.png

104
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

How many ATP are used and produced?

A

Use 2 make 4

105
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

What are 2 ways to use pyruvate? And when?

A
  • O2 present: aerobic respiration (moves to link reaction)
  • O2 absent: anaerobic respiration (moves to fermentation)
106
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

What is NAD?

Nicotiamide Adenine Dinucleotide

A

a coenzyme, binds to enzyme to catalyze it

107
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

What is the process of taking in H- called?

electron

A

Reduction

NAD+ + H- -> NADH

108
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

Why must glucose be phosphorylated to fructose biphosphate before going through ‘lysis’?

A

Makes more active and charged -> can’t interact with GLUT to leave cytoplasm

109
Q

Respiration - Glycolysis

What does oxidation of triose phosphate create?

A

Pyruvate, forming ATP and NADH

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