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IMAT Bio > Chapter 8: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Fixation of CO₂ and reduction to carbohydrates using light energy.

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In chloroplasts.

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3
Q

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

A

Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

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4
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

A

It absorbs light and acts as the primary pigment in reaction centers.

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5
Q

What is the difference between primary and accessory pigments?

A

Primary pigments directly participate in light reactions; accessory pigments transfer light energy to them.

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6
Q

What is the primary pigment of photosystem I?

A

Chlorophyll a.

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7
Q

What are photosystems

A

and how many types are there?

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8
Q

What process splits water during photosynthesis?

A

Photolysis.

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9
Q

What is the main purpose of light-dependent reactions?

A

To produce ATP and NADPH.

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10
Q

What is the role of NADP in photosynthesis?

A

Final electron acceptor in light-dependent reactions.

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11
Q

What occurs during non-cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

Electrons flow through both photosystems in the ‘Z scheme.’

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12
Q

What happens to excited electrons in photosystem II?

A

They are transferred to electron carriers after photoactivation.

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13
Q

How is ATP generated in photosynthesis?

A

Through chemiosmosis.

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14
Q

What is cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis using only photosystem I.

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15
Q

When does cyclic photophosphorylation occur?

A

When NADPH accumulates or light is not limiting.

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16
Q

What is the Calvin cycle?

A

Light-independent reactions for carbon fixation.

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17
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

In the stroma of chloroplasts.

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18
Q

What is the first step of the Calvin cycle?

A

CO₂ fixation with RuBP.

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19
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco.

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20
Q

What happens to triose phosphates in the Calvin cycle?

A

Most regenerate RuBP; some form starch

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21
Q

What structures in the chloroplast are key for light-dependent reactions?

A

Thylakoid membranes.

22
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts.

23
Q

How do chloroplasts store energy products?

A

As starch grains and lipid droplets.

24
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity

25
Q

What happens at the light compensation point?

A

Photosynthesis equals respiration.

26
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis using light energy.

27
Q

What connects grana in chloroplasts?

A

Intergranal membranes.

28
Q

Why do plants store glucose as starch?

A

Starch is insoluble and suitable for storage.

29
Q

How is oxygen produced in photosynthesis?

A

From the splitting of water during photolysis.

30
Q

What is the role of the stroma?

A

Site for the Calvin cycle and storage of materials like DNA and ribosomes.

31
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The process of generating ATP using a proton gradient.

32
Q

Why is rubisco considered inefficient?

A

It can bind to O₂ instead of CO₂

33
Q

What are the by-products of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen and glucose.

34
Q

What are chemoautotrophs?

A

Organisms using chemical energy instead of light.

35
Q

Give an example of a chemoautotroph.

A

Nitrifying bacteria.

36
Q

What role do nitrifying bacteria play in the nitrogen cycle?

A

They oxidize ammonia to nitrites or nitrates.

37
Q

Why is photosynthesis crucial for life on Earth?

A

It provides energy and oxygen for living organisms.

38
Q

What is the primary role of light in the light-dependent reactions?

A

To excite electrons in chlorophyll.

39
Q

What molecule donates replacement electrons to photosystem II during photolysis?

A

Water (H₂O).

40
Q

What is the main product of photolysis?

A

Oxygen (O₂).

41
Q

What is the ‘Z scheme’ in photosynthesis?

A

The pathway of electron flow involving both photosystems.

42
Q

What happens to electrons in photosystem I during cyclic photophosphorylation?

A

They return to photosystem I via electron carriers.

43
Q

What are the two energy molecules produced during the light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP and NADPH.

44
Q

Where in the chloroplast do light-dependent reactions take place?

A

In the thylakoid membranes.

45
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase in light-dependent reactions?

A

To produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

46
Q

What creates the proton gradient in the thylakoids?

A

The splitting of water and the activity of electron carriers.

47
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the light-dependent reactions?

A

NADP⁺.

48
Q

What energy source drives the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions.

49
Q

How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one glucose molecule?

A

Six turns.

50
Q

What happens if rubisco fixes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide?

A

Photorespiration occurs

51
Q

Why is NADPH always shown leaving the thylakoid membrane in diagrams?

A

It is used in the Calvin cycle in the stroma.

IMAT Bio (10 decks)

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