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Neurology > Chapter 9 Flash cards > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flash cards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

all nervous tissue outside the CNS.

Components include nerve and sensory receptors.

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3
Q

what is a nerve?

A

is a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axon plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lies outside the brain and spinal cord.

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4
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain?

A

12

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5
Q

how many nerves emerge from the spine

A

31

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6
Q

what is a structure of the nervous system that monitors changes in external or internal environment?

A

a sensory receptor

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7
Q

this division of the PNS, AKA the afferent division of the PNS conveys input into the CNS from the body.

A

the sensory division.

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8
Q

The afferent division/sensory division of the PNS provides the CNS with what?

A

sensory information about the somatic senses and special senses.

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9
Q

what is a somatic sense?

A

tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations.

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10
Q

what are the special senses?

A

smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

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11
Q

Which division of the PNS conveys output from the CNS to effectors?

A

motor/efferent division

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12
Q

the motor or efferent division is subdivided into what two systems?

A

somatic nervous system and an autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

the somatic nervous system conveys output from the CNS to where?

A

skeletal muscles only.

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14
Q

where does the autonomic nervous system convey output from and to?

A

CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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15
Q

what are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

sympathetic ad parasympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

what is the third branch of the ANS?

A

enteric nervous system (ENS) (enteron = intenstines).

an extensive network of 100 million neurons confined to the GI tract.

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17
Q

What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory function
integrative function
Motor function

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18
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

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19
Q

whats another name for cell body

A

soma

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20
Q

what is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS called?

A

ganglion (GANGLION= KNOT)

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21
Q

What makes up the cell body?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles.

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22
Q

what is a highly branched structure that carries impulses to the cell body?

A

dendrites

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23
Q

what conducts away from the cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland?

A

axon

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24
Q

what is the cone shaped elevation where the axon joins the cell body?

A

axon hillock (hillock = small hill)

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25
Q

what is the site called where two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell can communicate?

A

a synapse

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26
Q

what are the tiny sacs that store chemicals called neurotransmitters and are released?

A

synaptic vesicles

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27
Q

this structural classification of neuron usually have several dendrites and one axon. most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are of this type

A

multipolar neurons

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28
Q

this structural classification of neurons have one main dendrite and one axon. they are usually found in the retina of the eye, in the inner ear, and in the olfactory area of the brain.

A

bipolar neurons

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29
Q

this structural classification of neurons have dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body?

A

unipolar neurons

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30
Q

the dendrites of most unipolar neurons function as what?

A

sensory receptors.

31
Q

where are the cell bodies of most unipolar neurons located?

A

the ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves.

32
Q

what are the three functional classifications of neurons

A

sensory
motor
interneurons

33
Q

where is the action potential of sensory neurons conveyed into?

A

the CNS. Most sensory neurons are unipolar.

34
Q

these mostly multipolar in structure neurons convey action potential AWAY from the CNS to effectors:

A

Motor neurons

35
Q

Most of these neurons are multipolar in structure, integrate incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response.

A

interneurons

36
Q

What makes up half the volume of the CNS, smaller and more numerous than neurons, and support, nourish, and protect neurons

A

neuroglia

37
Q

What are the function of neuroglia?

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons. multiply to fill in the space formerly occupied by neurons.

38
Q

these four neuroglia are found in the CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, and ependymal cells

39
Q

what two neuroglia are found in the PNS?

A

schwann and satellite cells

40
Q

what is the many layered covering composed of lipid and protein around an axon?

A

myelin sheath

41
Q

how are myelin sheaths formed?

A

schwann cells in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS produce myelin sheaths by wrapping themselves around and around axons.

42
Q

what is the gap in the myelin along the axon?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

43
Q

two diseases that destroy myelin sheaths?

A

multiple sclerosis and tay sachs

44
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglion

45
Q

cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

A

nucleus

46
Q

what is a bundle of axons that is located in the PNS

A

Nerve

47
Q

a bundle of axons that is located in the CNS

A

a tract

48
Q

this type of matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons:

A

white matter

49
Q

this matter of the nervous system contains cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, terminals, and neuroglia.

A

gray matter

50
Q

how is there regeneration of PNS neurons?

A

axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if cell body is intact and Schwann cells functional, they can form a regeneration tube as long as scar tissue does not fill the tube,

51
Q

regeneration of CNS neurons

A

very limited. inhibited by neuroglia and lack of fetal growth stimulator cues.

52
Q

nerve impulses that allow for communication between neurons

A

action potential

53
Q

what is a membrane potential

A

the difference in the amount of electrical chage on the inside of the plasma membrane as compared with the outside.

54
Q

What is a cell that has membrane potential said to be be?

A

polarized.

55
Q

what is the term for the voltage across the plasma membrane?

A

resting membrane potential

56
Q

what are the channels that allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

A

ion channels

57
Q

two types of ion channels

A

leakage channels- allow ions to leak through

voltage gated channels- open in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage)

58
Q

What is the “threshold” when an action potential arises?

A

typically, about -55 mV

59
Q

what are the two main phases of an action potential?

A

depolarizing phase

repolarizing phase

60
Q

What is the phase where voltage gated Na+ channels open ~ as more Na+ enters cell, membrane potential rises and becomes positive? (-70 ~ 0 ~ +30 mv)

A

depolarizing phase

61
Q

what is the phase where voltage gated K+ channels open, ~ as more K+ leaves cell, membrane potential is returned to the resting valuse. (+30 ~ 0 ~ -70 mv)

A

repolarizing phase

62
Q

what is the term for when nerve impulses travel from where they arise (axon hillock) along the axon to the axon terminal?

A

propagation

63
Q

what is the type of potential conduction that occurs in unmyelinated axons (and in muscle fibers) called?

A

continuous conduction

64
Q

when current flows from one membrane only at the nodes, the impulses appear to leap from node to node. This type of impulse conduction is called what?

A

saltatory conduction

65
Q

what are the two most important factors that determine the speed of nerve impulse conduction?

A

the diameter of the axon and and the presence or absence of a myelin sheath.

66
Q

what is the neuron called sending the signal?

A

presynaptic neuron

67
Q

what is the neuron receiving the message called?

A

postsynaptic neuron

68
Q

what separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons?

A

synaptic cleft, a tiny space filled with interstitial fluid.

69
Q

what are the two types of synapses

A

electrical and chemical

70
Q

what type of synapse do nerve impulses conduct directly between the plasma membrane of adjacent neurons through gap junctions?

A

electrical synapse

71
Q

this type of synapse, the most common, nerve impulses in a presynaptic cause the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft.

A

chemical synapse

72
Q

three types of ways neurotransmitters are removed:

A

1) some diffuse away from the synaptic cleft
2) destroyed by enzymes
3) reuptaked back into the neuron that released them. some are transported into neighboring neuroglia (uptake)

73
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (ACh)- common in PNS

a) stimulatory on skeletal muscles
b) inhibitory (on cardiac muscle)

amino acids
a) glutamate, aspartate, GABA

Modified amino acids
a) norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

Neuropeptides such as endorphins

nitric oxide

Neurology (19 decks)

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