Chapter 10 Flash Cards
What are the structures that protect the spinal cord?
vertebral column, vertebral ligaments, meninges, and CSF.
What is the outermost layer of the meninges called? tough and dense.
dura mater.
What is the space between the dura mater and vertebral column?
epidural space
What is the middle layer of meninges, whose arrangements of collagen and elastic fibers resembles a spider web called?
arachnoid mater
the inner layer of the meninges, that is thin and delicate and adheres to the surface of spinal cord and brain is called what?
Pia matter
what is the space where CSF circulates that is between the arachnoid and pia mater called?
subarachnoid space.
where does the spinal cord extend to and from?
lowest part of brain, the medulla oblongata to the upper border of the L2.
what are the two grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres?
anterior median fissure
posterior median sulcus.
this space is filled with CSF and is located in the center of the gray matter
Central canal
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
What are the two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of cord called
roots
this root contains only sensory axons, which conduct nerve impusles from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the CNS.
Posterior (dorsal) root
what is the swelling that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons of the posterior root called?
posterior root ganglion
what does the anterior root of the spinal nerves contain?
axons and motor neurons (autonomic and somatic) which conduct never impulses from the CNS to the effectors.
major function of white matter
has tracts that serve as highways for never impulses.
major function of gray matter
receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information is a site for integration reflexes.
what is contained in the gray matter
cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia
how is the gray matter divided?
subdivided into left and right regions called horns. named relative to their location.
what does the posterior horn contain?
cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons
what does the anterior (ventral) horn contain
cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles.
what does the lateral gray horn contain
is only present in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments and contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
What does white matter consist of?
myelinated axons and is organized into columns
each column of the white matter contains one or more ______________ which are bundles of axons
tracts
sensory (ascending) tracts, consist of what
axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain.
e.g spinothalamic tract
motor (descending) tracts consist of what?
axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain
e.g. corticospinal tract
these are fast involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli and they can be simple or complex.
reflexes
if a integration of a reflex occurs in the spinal cord gray matter, what is the reflex called
spinal reflex.
e.g. patellar reflex.
Which nervous system are spinal nerves a part of?
the peripheral nervous system
name the distribution of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves according to the vertebral column from which they emerge.(number of spinal nerves in each section)
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccyx
how are the spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord
by the anterior (motor) and posterior (sensory) root.
sensory information goes through which root
the dorsal root
motor information goes through which root
anterior
what are the layers of connective tissue protective coverings
individual axons wrapped in endoneurium
groups of axons in bundles called fascicles
fascicles wrapped in perineurium
the superficial covering over the entire nerve is called what
epineurium
what is the network of spinal nerve branches and adjacent nerves called?
plexuses
this plexus supplies posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm
cervical plexus
this plexus supplies to the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles
brachial plexus
this plexus supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of the lower limbs
lumbar plexus
this plexus supplies the buttocks, perineum, and MOST of the lower limbs
sacral plexus
four major parts of the brain
brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum
what are the layers of cranial meninges
dura matter-outter
arachnoid mater- middle layer
pia mater- inner layer
the brain is 2% of the body’s weight but requires how much of the bodys oxygen supply?
20%
what is the circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries
“Circle of Willis”
what is the blood brain barrier and what is its function
tightly sealed blood capillaries and astrocytes that allow passage of 02, CO2,, alcohol, and anesthesia.
What is CSF?
clear, colorless liquid that cushions the brain, carries oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals.
Where is CFS in the brain?
circulated through subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord, central canal, and through cavities in the brain called ventricles.
where is CFS produced?
the choroid plexus located in the brain
how is CFS reabsorbed into the blood?
through the arachnoid villi
parts of the brain stem
continuous with spinal cord, contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain.
the location and parts of the diencephalon
superior to the brain stem. contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland.
location and function of the cerebellum
means “little brain”; lies posterior and inferior
functions for balance and equilibrium and coordination
what is the largest and most superior part of the brain
cerebrum
the medulla oblongata forms what part of the brain stem and is a continuation of the spinal cord
inferior part of the brain stem
what part of the brain stem has white matter that contains all sensory and motor tracts between spinal cord and brain
medulla oblongata
the medulla contains two major nuclei (masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with one another). What are they?
cardiovascular center
Medullary respiratory center
additionally, nuclei associated with sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception are in the posterior section.
the nuclei in the medulla are associated with what five pairs of cranial nerves
vestibulocochlear VIII glossopharyngeal IX vagus X spinal accessory XI and hypoglossal XII
What is the “bridge” that connects the medulla to the midbrain above?
the pons
the pons contains nuclei associated with which cranial nerve?
V Trigeminal
this structure connects the pons to the diencephalon
midbrain
name some of the tracts, neurons, and nuclei in the midbrain
cerebral peduncles sustantia nigra red nuclei nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV superior colliculi, inferior colliculi
what are the major regions of the diencephalon
thalamus
hypothalamus
pineal gland
three functions of the thalamus
major sensory relay center
contributes to motor function
plays role in consciousness
what is the location of the hypothalamus
lies inferior to the thalamus and superior to the pituitary gland. important for homeostasis
6 functions of the hypothalamus
1) control of the ANS
2) control of pituitary and hormone production
3) regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
4) regulation of eating and drinking
5) control of body temperature
6) regulation of circadian rhythms and state of consciousness
location of the the pineal gland
is about the size of a small pea and protrudes from the posterior midline of the third ventricle
why is the pineal gland part of the endocrine system?
because it secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body’s biological clock.
why is the cerebellum have a tree like appearance?
the surface of the cerebellum, called the cerebellar cortex is gray mater. beneath the cortex is white matter (arbor vitae) that resembles the branches of a tree.
functions of the cerebellum
receives sensory inputs from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, equilibrium receptors in inners ears and visual receptors.
compares actual movements with intended ones
helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
regulates posture and balance is is essential for all skilled motor activities from catching a baseball to dancing.
structure of the cerebrum
longitudinal fissure that divides into R and L hemispheres
Corpus Callosum (HARD BODY), which is a band of white matter containing axons that connects the right and left spheres internally.
cerebrum layers
the four lobes of the brain
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
the superficial layer of the cerebrum is covered in what
grey matter… is called the cortex
the layers of the cerebrum
cortex
white matter
basal ganglia
what are the folds of cerebrum called
gyri (gyrus)
what are the shallow grooves of the cerebrum called?
sulci (sulcus)
what is the basal ganglia
consists of 3 deep gray nuclei (globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus)
assists in motor control, emotions, behavior, executive function
The exception to ganglia generally in the PNS not the CNS
what separates the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe?
central sulcus
where is the precentral gyrus and what does it control?
anterior to the central sulcus. Primary motor area
where is the postcentral gyrus and what does it control?
posterior to the central sulcus. primary somatosensory area
what is sometimes referred to as the “emotional brain”
the limbic system
what the the different types of functional areas of the cerebral cortex
sensory areas- areas involved in perception
motor areas
association areas- complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits and intelligence.
sensory input to the cerebral cortex flows mainly to which half of the cerebral hemisphere?
posterior half.
where is the primary somatosensory area?
posterior to the central sulcus of each cerebral hemisphere in the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe.
where is the primary visual area located?
the occipital lobe.
which lobe is the primary auditory area located?
the temporal lobe.
where is the primary gustatory (taste) area?
base of postcentral gyrus.
where is the primary olfactory (smell) area located?
medial aspect of temporal lobe.
motor output from the cerebral cortex flows mainly from where?
the anterior part of each hemisphere.
the PRIMARY motor area is located where in each hemisphere?
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe in each hemisphere.
each region in the primary motor area controls voluntary contraction of specific muscles on which side of the body?
opposite
What is the role of association areas?
complex integration of memory, emotion, reasoning, and judgement and interpreting the information.
how are association areas connected?
adjacent to sensory and motor areas and connected via association tracs.
What are two examples of association areas?
somatosensory association area:
1) posterior to primary somatosensory area.
2) integrates and interprets somatic sensations: storage of memories of past sensory experiences
premotor area
a) generates never impulses causing a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence.
Which hemisphere is important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning.
left hemisphere
which hemisphere of the brain is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of languages, generating images of sight, sound, taste and smell.
right side.
What are all the structure of the brain that are involved with memory?
association areas of the all lobes; parts of the limbic system and diencephalon.
Besides the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; parts of the limbic system, and diencephalon, which other areas are involved with SKILL memory?
cerebellum and basal ganglia
