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A&P 2 > Chapter 9 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

___ is a term used to describe when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension, and a higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase.

A

Complete Tetanus

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2
Q

The muscle fiber cannot produce any active tension when the ____ is reduced to zero?

A

Zone of Overlap

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3
Q

The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the ________ fiber.

A

Slow

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4
Q

A ___ consists of a transverse tubule and 2 terminal cisternae.

A

Triad

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5
Q

____ is the smooth but steady increase in muscular tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units.

A

Recruitment

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6
Q

The ___ is the region of the sarcomere that always contains thin filaments.

A

I band

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7
Q

During which phase of the contraction cycle do the calcium ions bind to troponin?

A

Active Site Exposure

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8
Q

The ____ acts as an ATPase during the contraction cycle of muscle.

A

Myosin head

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9
Q

____ is the delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together.

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for ____.

A

Muscle Contraction

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11
Q

The approach that occurs during a sustained contraction, when motor units are activated on a rotating basis, so some of them are resting and recovering while others are actively contracting is known as ____.

A

Asynchronous motor unit summation

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12
Q

Muscular force can be adjusted to match different loads by what 3 things?

A
  1. Recruiting more motor units
  2. Varying the frequency of action potentials in motor neurons
  3. Recruiting larger motor units
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13
Q

Most of muscles energy is produced where during activities that require aerobic endurance?

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

____ is the type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten.

A

Isometric

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15
Q

When a muscle fiber ____ the zones of overlap get larger, the H bands and I bands get smaller, the Z lines get closer together, and the width of the A band remains constant.

A

Contracts

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16
Q

What region of the sarcomere contains the thick filaments?

A

A band

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17
Q

The end plate membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions when ___ binds to receptors at the motor end plate.

A

ACh (Acetylcholine)

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18
Q

Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are released by ________ when the action potential arrives.

A

Exocytosis

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19
Q

4 function of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Maintain Body Temperature
  2. Maintain Posture
  3. Produce Movement
  4. Guard Body Entrances and Exits
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20
Q

A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called ____.

A

A Motor Unit

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21
Q

The plasma membrane of skeletal muscle is called the ____.

A

Sarcolemma

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22
Q

Since each myofibril is attached at either end of the muscle fiber, when sarcomeres shorten, the muscle fiber ____.

A

Shortens

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23
Q

After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as ____.

A

Rigor Mortis

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24
Q

The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) releases ____ in response to action potentials arriving along the Transverse Tubules (T Tubules).

A

Calcium Ions

25
Q

Calcium ions arriving within the zone of overlap initiates the ____.

A

Contraction Cycle

26
Q

What thin filaments structure consists of three globular subunits one of which has a receptor that binds 2 calcium ions.

A

Troponin

27
Q

____ occurs when a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs.

A

Wave summation

28
Q

The ___ surrounds individual muscle cells.

A

Endomysium

29
Q

From microscopic to gross levels determine the correct structural order of skeletal muscles. (Fiber, Fascicle, Myofibril, Muscle)

A

Myofibril, Fiber, Fascicle, Muscle

30
Q

____ is the dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.

A

Epimysium

31
Q

At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a____.

A

Tendon

32
Q

Glucose is produced from lactate in the liver during what cycle?

A

Cori Cycle

33
Q

___ acts as an energy reserve in the muscle tissue.

A

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

34
Q

At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by ____.

A

Tropomyosin

35
Q

Muscle tissue consists chiefly of cells that are specialized for ____.

A

Contraction

36
Q

ACh receptors are located on the ____.

A

Motor End Plate

37
Q

During the ___ phase of a muscle twitch active sites on thin filaments are exposed and cross-bridge interactions occur.

A

Contraction Phase

38
Q

____ fibers have a large diameter, have densely packe myofibrils, have large glycogen reserves, and have a few mitochondria.

A

Fast

39
Q

____ and ____ become connected by myosin cross-bridges during muscle contraction.

A

Thin and thick filaments

40
Q

____ motor units have small fiber diameters, take about 3 times as long to reach peak tension, are rich in the red protein myoglobin, and generate much less tension

A

Slow Motor Units

41
Q

During excitation contraction coupling calcium ions are released from the ____.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

42
Q

___ is a repeating unit of striated myofibrils.

A

Sarcomere

43
Q

The ____ is the storage and the release site for calcium ions.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

44
Q

A muscle produces its highest tension when in complete ________.

A

Tetanus

45
Q

The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a ________.

A

Triad

46
Q

The most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ion after contraction is

A

Active Transport of Calcium into the SR

47
Q

The skeletal muscle relies primarily on the aerobic metabolism of pyruvate to generate ATP at what level of activity?

A

Moderate

48
Q

Thin filaments are anchored where?

A

Z line

49
Q

An oxygen debt, a shift to anaerobic glycolysis, muscle fatigue, and an increase in intracellular lactate are all signs of what to a muscle?

A

Decreased blood flow

50
Q

Calcium levels fall during what phase of a muscle twitch?

A

Relaxation

51
Q

What begins when stored calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm through gated calcium channels?

A

Muscle Contraction

52
Q

After heavy exercise, if energy reserves in a muscle are depleted, ________ occurs.

A

An Oxygen Debt

53
Q

Muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load in what type of contraction?

A

Isotonic Contraction

54
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue and their locations?

A
  1. Skeletal - attached to bones of skeleton
  2. Cardiac - located in the heart
  3. Smooth - located in the digestive tract
55
Q

A/an ____ provides attachment over a broad are that may involve more than one bone.

A

Aponeurosis

56
Q

____ is an enlargement of the stimulated muscle.

A

Hypertrophy

57
Q

____ is the loss of muscle tone and mass due to lack of muscle stimulation.

A

Atrophy

58
Q

____ produces paralysis of skeletal muscles by preventing ACh release at neuromuscular junctions.

A

Botulism

59
Q

____ is a fibrous layer that divides the skeletal muscle into a series of compartments.

A

Perimysium

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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