Chapter 20 (Exam 5) Flashcards
____ is the actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs.
Alveoli
____ makes up the respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces.
Simple Squamous Epithelium
4 things that would happen if the type II pneumocytes of the lungs are damaged.
Loss of surfactant
Decreased rate of gas exchange
Increased surface tension in the alveoli
Increased tendency to alveolar collapse
The ____ makes up the layers through which the respiratory gases diffuse.
Alveolar Capillary Membrane
____ occurs across the respiratory membrane?
Gas exchange
____ states that gas volume is inversely proportional to pressure?
Boyle’s law
The function of ____ is to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.
Pulmonary Ventilation
Which is greater?
Partial pressure of O2 in atmospheric air?
or
Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli?
Partial pressure of O2 in atmospheric air.
____ states that if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.
Boyle’s Law of Gasses
Air moves in/out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere?
Out
What happens to the volume of the thorax when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract?
Increases
____ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
Tidal volume
____ states that the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas?
Henry’s law
____ states that in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
Dalton’s law
____ is the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the bold and interstitial fluids.
Internal respiration
____ involves the diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.
External respiration
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is bound to ____.
hemoglobin
Which would be greater?
The percent of O2 saturation of hemoglobin when pH is 7.2
or
The percent of O2 saturation of hemoglobin when pH is 7.6
The percent of O2 saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6.
The effectiveness of ____ increases with low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2.
Internal respiration
____ would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
Decreased pH
According to the ____, if the ph decreased, hemoglobin releases more oxygen.
Bohr effect
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as ____.
Bicarbonate ions
____ are thin and delicate squamous epithelial cells
Type 1 pneumocytes
During inhalation, the pressure inside the lungs is ____ the the pressure outside the body.
Less
Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive in what type of breathing.
Quiet breathing
____ is the condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli.
Respiratory distress syndrome
What system is responsible for gas exchange?
Respiratory
____ is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells?
Internal respiration
____ refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary ventilation
Name 4 muscles that might be recruited to increase inspired volume?
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoralis minor
Scalenes
Serratus anterior
The partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood is approximately ____.
95 mm Hg
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the venous blood is approximately ____.
45 mm Hg
Which is greater?
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temp is 38 degrees centigrade.
or
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temp is 43 degrees centigrade.
38 degrees centigrade
____ is in RBC’s, is an enzyme, can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma, and can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.
Carbonic anhydrase
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ____.
Inspiratory center of the DRG
Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ____ center.
Apneustic
____ provides stimulation to the DRG to promote inhalation.
Apneustic Centers of the pons
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ____ muscles.
Internal Intercostal muscles
____ is calculated by multiplying the respiratory rate, f, by the tidal volume, Vt.
Respiratory minute volume, Ve
____ refers to the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.
Alveolar ventilation
____ equals the respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)
Alveolar ventilation rate
____ occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
Emphysema
____ affects accessory inspiratory and expiratory muscles.
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
____ is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.
Pneumotaxic center
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is ____.
Carbon Dioxide
____ are squamous epithelial cels that are unusually thin and delicate and are the sites of gas diffusion.
Type 1 pneumocytes
____ are scattered amount the squamous cells, and produce surfactant.
Type 2 pneumocytes
____ is an oily secretion containing a mixture of phospholipids and proteins that forms a superficial coating over a thin layer of water.
Surfactant
____ patrol the epithelial surface and phagocytize any particulate matter that has eluded other respiratory defenses and reached the alveolar surfaces.
Roaming alveolar macrophages
Gas exchange occurs across the ____.
Respiratory membrane
____ includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body’s interstitial fluid and the external environment.
External Respiration
____ is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells.
Internal Respiration
____ involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Pulmonary Ventilation/Breathing
_____ is the movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
Alveolar Ventilation
____ is considered low tissue oxygen levels and places severe limits on the metabolic activities.
Hypoxia
____ refers to the supply of oxygen being cut off completely.
Anoxia
____ is the amount of air you move into or out of your lungs during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
Resting Tidal Volume Vt
If you multiply the respirator rate (breaths per minute) by the tidal volume, you get ____.
f x Vt = ____.
Respiratory Minute Volume
Ve
Respiratory rate at rest averages how many breaths per minute/
12
Tidal volume at rest averages around how many mL per breath.
500 mL
The air that never reaches the alveoli but remains in the conducting portion of the lungs is called ____.
Anatomic dead space
Vd
How to calculation alveolar ventilation? Va
Breaths per minute x (Tidal volume - Anatomic dead space) F x (Vt - Vd) = Va
The ____ of a gas is the pressure contributed by a single gas in a mixture of gases.
Partial pressure
What is the percentage of O2 in partial pressure?
20.9%
What is the percentage of CO2 in partial pressure?
.04 %
Name 4 things that influence gas exchange?
Partial pressure
Solubility of the gas
Thickness of the capillary membrane
Surface area
Oxygen is transported in the blood with ____
Hemoglobin
What is the oxygen specifically attached to in the heme unit?
The iron ions
____ is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs.
Resistance
____ is an indication of the expandability of the lungs.
Compliance
____ is a general term indicating a progressive disorder of the airways that restricts airflow and reduces alveolar ventilation.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
____ is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritation.
Asthma
____ is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining, leading to overproduction of mucous secretions.
Chronic bronchitis
____ is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath and in inability to tolerate physical exertion.
Emphysema
