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A&P 2 > Chapter 19 (Exam 4) > Flashcards

Chapter 19 (Exam 4) Flashcards

1
Q

____ is responsible for defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

A

Lymphoid system

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2
Q

The lymphocytes are most important in doing what?

A

Fighting infection

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3
Q

____ are produced and stored in lymph node organs, lymphoid nodules, the spleen, tonsils, and the thymus.

A

Lymphocytes

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4
Q

The lymph, lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic vessels make up what system?

A

Lymphoid System

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5
Q

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by what?

A

Thoracic duct

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6
Q

T is to ________ as B is to ________.

A

Thymus-dependent

Bone marrow-derived

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7
Q

Lymphocytes respond to what?

A

Antigens

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8
Q

Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells?

A

NK cells

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9
Q

Which lymphocytes are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

A

B cells

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10
Q

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

A

Mature T cells

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11
Q

3 functions of the lymph nodes?

A

Remove debris and pathogens from the lymph.
Detect Pathogens
Monitor the contents of lymph.

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12
Q

How do lymphoid organs differ from lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymphoid organs are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and the tissues aren’t.

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13
Q

____are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

A

Tonsils

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14
Q

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the ____.

A

Bone Marrow

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15
Q

____ produces T cells, reaches its greatest relative size before puberty, lies in the anterior mediastinum, and involutes after puberty.

A

Thymus gland

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16
Q

If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of?

A

T cells

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17
Q

Areas of the spleen that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as?

A

White pulp

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18
Q

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens are the____?

A

Phagocytes

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19
Q

The skin, interferon, complement, and inflammation are all part of what defense?

A

Nonspecific defense

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20
Q

4 things that act as physical barriers to infection.

A

Body hair
Epithelium
Basement Membranes
Secretions

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21
Q

Various types of macrophages are derived from ____.

A

Monocytes

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22
Q

____ is a system of circulating proteins that assists antibodies in the destruction of pathogens.

A

Complement

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23
Q

____ are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria?

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ____ cells.

A

NK

25
Q

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to what?

A

An antibody attached to an antigen.

26
Q

____ are secreted by T cells and NK cells, and stimulate macrophage activity?

A

Gamma interferons

27
Q

Which action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region?

A

Release of histamine

28
Q

____ is a nonspecific defense mechanism that increases the resistance of cells to viral infection and slows the spread of disease?

A

Interferons

29
Q

3 effects of the compliment system.

A

Histamine release
Enhanced phagocytosis
Destruction of target cell plasma membranes
Stimulation of inflammation

30
Q

____ increases blood flow and vascular permeability.

A

Histamine

31
Q

4 effects of the increased blood flow and vascular permeability caused by histamine?

A

Swelling of the inflamed tissue.
Movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.
Heat of the inflamed tissue.
Redness of the inflamed tissue.

32
Q

____ is triggered when mast cells release histamine and heparin.

A

Inflammatory response

33
Q

The release of ____ by active macrophages would produce a fever

A

Endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1)

34
Q

____ activate T cells, display antigen fragments, and process antigens.

A

Antigen-presenting cells

35
Q

Newborns gain their immunity initially from where?

A

Antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

36
Q

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

A

Innate

37
Q

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of ____.

A

Passive immunity

38
Q

Class II MHC molecules are found only on what?

A

Lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

39
Q

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by ____.

A

Specific immunity

40
Q

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

A

Cytotoxic T

41
Q

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

A

CD4 T

42
Q

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells by activating genes that trigger what?

A

Apoptosis

43
Q

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

A

Cytotoxic T

44
Q

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of ____.

A

Helper T cells

45
Q

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

A

Plasma

46
Q

____ and ____ can only be activated by exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.

A

T cells

B cells

47
Q

____ activate sensitized B cells by costimulation, enhance cell-mediated immunity, secrete cytokines to stimulate production of plasma cells, and enhance antibody-mediated immunity.

A

Helper T cells

48
Q

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are ____.

A

IgE

49
Q

The most abundant type of antibody is ____.

A

IgG

50
Q

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, that are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection, are ____.

A

IgM

51
Q

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are ____.

A

IgA

52
Q

In ____, the antigen binding site is formed by the variable segment of the light chain + the variable segment of the heavy chain.

A

IgG

53
Q

____ can result in neutralization of the antigen, agglutination or precipitation, complement activation and opsonization.

A

Binding of an Antigen to an Antibody

54
Q

Which mechanism results in a coating of antibodies and complement proteins that increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization

55
Q

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

A

Naturally acquired active

56
Q

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

A

Naturally acquired passive

57
Q

The production of ____ involves bone marrow, thymus tissue, and peripheral lymphoid tissues.

A

Lymphocytes

58
Q

____ is the class of antibody first secreted in response to a new antigen.

A

IgM

59
Q

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ____ cells

A

Helper T

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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