Chapter 9 Development: Module 28 Flashcards
Neonate
A newborn child.
Reflexes
Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli.
Habituation
The decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
Attachment
The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and particular individual.
Authoritarian parents
Parents who are rigid an punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their children.
Permissive parents
Parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them.
Authoritative parents
Parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain decisions and actions.
Uninvolved parents
Parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached.
Temperament
One’s basic, innate disposition.
Psychosocial development
Development of individuals’ interactions; their understanding of each other; and their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society.
Trust-versus-mistrust stage
According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development that occurs from birth to age 1 1/2 years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or a lack of trust.
Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
The period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 1.5 to 3) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged, or shame and self doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.
Initiative-versus-guilt stage
According to Erikson, the period during which children ages 3 to 6 experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action.
Industry-versus-inferiority stage
According to Erikson, the last stage of childhood during which children ages 6 to 12 may develop social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less social.
Cognitive development
The process by which a child’s understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience.
Sensorimotor stage
According to Piaget, the stage from birth to age 2, during which a child has little competence in communication about the environment by using images, language, or other symbols.
Object permanence
The awareness that objects-and people-continue to exist even if they’re out of sight.
Preoperational stage
According to Piaget, the period from ages 2 to 7 that’s characterized by language development.
Egocentric thought
A way of thinking such that a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective.
Principle of conservation
The knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.
Concrete operational stage
According to Piaget, the period from ages 7 to 12 characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentrism.
Formal operational stage
According to Piaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that’s characterized by abstract thought.
Information processing
The way that people take in, use, and store information.
Metacognition
An awareness and understanding of one’s own cognitive processes.
