Chapter 10 Personality: Module 32

Question 1

Trait theory

Answer 1

A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality.

Question 2

Traits

Answer 2

Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations.

Question 3

Gordon Allport

Answer 3

Suggests there are three fundamental categories of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary.

Question 4

Cardinal trait

Answer 4

Single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities.

Question 5

Central traits

Answer 5

An individual’s major characteristics, they usually number from five to ten in any one person.

Question 6

Secondary traits

Answer 6

Characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than central or cardinal traits.

Question 7

Factor analysis

Answer 7

Statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns.

Question 8

Raymond Cattell

Answer 8

Suggested that 16 pairs of source traits represent the basic dimensions of personality. He developed the 16 personality factor questionnaire or 16PF, a measure that provides scores for each of the source traits.

Question 9

Hans Eysenck

Answer 9

Found that personality could best be described in terms of just three major dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.

Question 10

Extraversion

Answer 10

Sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking. Relates to the degree of sociability.

Question 11

Neuroticism

Answer 11

Anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-esteem, and tense. Encompasses emotional stability.

Question 12

Psychoticism

Answer 12

Aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, and impulsive. Degree to which reality is distorted.

Question 13

The big five personality factors

Answer 13

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neurotiscism. Best descirption of personality traits we have today.

Question 14

Social cognitive approaches to personality

Answer 14

Theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions- thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values -as well as observation of other’s behavior, in determining personality.

Question 15

Self-efficacy

Answer 15

Belief in one’s personal capabilities. Self-efficacy underlies people’s faith in their ability to carry out a particular behavior or produce a desired outcome.

Question 16

Walter Mischel

Answer 16

Argues that people’s thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world determine how they view, and then react, in particular situations.

Question 17

Self-esteem

Answer 17

The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations.

Question 18

Relationship harmony

Answer 18

A sense of success in forming close bonds with other people.

Question 19

Biological and evolutionary approaches to personality

Answer 19

Theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited.

Question 20

Temperament

Answer 20

The innate disposition that emerges early in life.

Question 21

Humanistic approaches to personality

Answer 21

Theories that emphasize people’s innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning.

Question 22

Self-actualization

Answer 22

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way.

Question 23

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 23

An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does.