Chapter 8 Motivation and Emotion: Module 24 Flashcards
Motivation
The factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
Instincts
Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned.
Drive-reduction approaches to motivation
Theories suggesting that a lack of a basic biological requirement such as a water produces a drive to obtain that requirement.
Drive
Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
Homeostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state.
Arousal approaches to motivation
The belief that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary.
Incentive approaches to motivation
Theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals or incentives.
Cognitive approaches to motivation
Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts and expectations-their cognitions.
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Physiological needs -> Safety Needs -> Love and belongingness -> Esteem -> Self-actualization.
Physiological needs
The primary drives: needs for water, food, sleep, and sex.
Safety needs
The need for a safe and secure environment
Love and belongingness
The need to obtain and give affection.
Esteem
The need to develop a sense of self-worth.
Self-actualization
A state of self fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in his or her own unique way.
Extrinsic motivation
Causes us to do something to obtain money, a grade, or some other concrete, tangible reward.
