Chapter 9 - COD

Question 1

Three fish talked about in this chapter

Answer 1

Northern cod (Gadus morhua) 
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar),
Pickerel/walleye (Sander vitreus)

Question 2

Northern Cod (Gadus Morhua) location

Answer 2

From Newfoundland and Labrador on the east coast of Canada

Question 3

Altlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar) location

Answer 3

Once wild caught and now farmed in captivity along Canada’s Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

Question 4

Freshwater fish pickerel or walleye (Sander Vitreus) location

Answer 4

Caught, eaten, and traded continuously by the Nipissing on the shores of Lake Nipissing for millennia.

Question 5

Triangle Trade

Answer 5

Trade among three ports: West Africa, North America, and Europe.

The triangle trade route involved codfish and was the transatlantic slave trade that carried slaves, fish, cash crops, and manufactured goods among these ports.

Question 6

Canadian moratorium on cod fishing

Answer 6

July 2 1992

Question 7

In the 20-plus years since the fishing moratorium, codfish populations have _________, and indications are that __________ despite the ______________.

Answer 7

In the 20-plus years since the fishing moratorium, codfish populations have not recovered to their previous abundance, and indications are that
they continue to decline in some areas despite the suspension of most commercial cod fishing.

Question 8

The federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans

Answer 8

• created by Ottawa in January 1977

- to manage a vast new territory, extending 200 nautical miles offshore, called the “exclusive economic zone”.

Question 9

Exclusive economic zone

Answer 9

A space extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the shoreline where states hold special rights over the exploration and exploitation of living marine resources such as fish stocks and mineral resources.

EEZs have been created throughout the world’s coastal states following the rules set out in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

Question 10

Cod prices comparison

Answer 10

1990 - $3/kg

2013 - $1/kg

Question 11

In restaurants today, codfish are sold for as much as $25/kg, suggesting that ____________

Answer 11

large profits are made by some in the fish commodity chain.

Question 12

Ocean life has been hunted and fished off Newfoundland and Labrador by:

Answer 12

Mi’kmaq

Beothuk

Inuit

a host of European fishers

Question 13

Tragedy of the Commons

Answer 13

A theory developed by Garrett Hardin.

It proposes that all fish stocks will be over-harvested if they are not managed through individual ownership or state-based regulation.

Its hypotheses have been critiqued for equating open access with commons and community-based regulation.

Question 14

Wild fisheries

Answer 14

Also referred to as capture fisheries. The aquatic life targeted by wild fisheries is not controlled and needs to be located, captured, and killed. Wild fisheries are located in lakes and rivers as well as along coastal continental shelf regions of the world’s oceans.

Question 15

Atlantic salmon have been genetically modified to…

Answer 15

grow faster in sea cages

Question 16

Maximum sustainable yield (MSY)

Answer 16

The theoretically largest catch level that can be maintained annually from a single species fish stock. The goal is to skim off the largest catch level possible without undermining the annual reproductive potential of the stock.

Question 17

Total Allowable Catch (TAC)

Answer 17

The total amount of a specific fish species, by weight, allowed by government regulators to be captured in a particular time period.

Question 18

All natural resource management based on MSY and TAC must assume that __________

Answer 18

nature is essentially a stable system.

Question 19

Carrying capacity

Answer 19

An estimate of how many species a given area of habitat can support over the long term, usually limited by the available food in a given location.

Question 20

Natural resource management based on MSY and TAC requirements:

Answer 20

All that is required of the manager is:

• the determination of the carrying capacity of the fishing grounds
• the management of the steady- state population level of the single species

Question 21

MSY and TAC model

Answer 21

1. determine total population of a specific species of fish in a given area
2. calculate how many fish can be removed from the population each year without adversely influencing the minimum viable population
3. maintain a steady annual production of biomass to be harvested and processed by the fishing industry

Question 22

Why is the MSY and TAC model problematic?

Answer 22

• doesn’t focus on multi-species interactions
• does not account for qualitative data
• view of nature that conceives fish as property or swimming inventories, quotas, or stocks in a bank.
• encourages the idea that management policy can design harvesting systems that only withdraw the interest while maintaining a stable breeding population, thereby maintaining the fixed capital or principle.
• sorry state of cod and canadian fisheries can be attributed to fisheries science and management being developed in tandem with, and to allow for, the industrial development of fisheries.
• goal of fisheries management was to predict how many fish could be caught
• “the reasonably successful fisheries seem to be those about which little is known” sci- entifically while “the least successful fisheries are those heavily studied” (Francis, 1980: 98).

Question 23

How was maximum sustainable yield model developed?

Answer 23

By the 1950s, equilibrium-based population dynamics models allowed the calculation of maximum sustainable yield.

Question 24

Demographic Paradigm

Answer 24

Fish are understood as members of single species populations that can be statistically sampled to determine the overall number of fish available to be killed per year.

The framework from which fisheries science developed in the early twentieth century.

Question 25

Ever since the end of the nineteenth century, the ___________ has dominated how we know fish, and economic property models view fishermen’s behaviour as that of ____________, either as entrepreneurs or wage workers.

Answer 25

Ever since the end of the nineteenth century, the demographic paradigm has dominated how we know fish, and economic property models view fishermen’s behaviour as that of rational economic actors, either as entrepreneurs or wage workers.

Question 26

Rational Economic Actors

Answer 26

Individuals who are theorized to act only out of narrow self-interest to maximize profits as producers.

This theory of human behaviour is contrasted with those who propose human beings are socially embedded in communities, where behaviour is motivated by the desire to co-operate rather than compete with others.

Question 27

Those in charge of fisheries in Canada

Answer 27

government scientists/managers
investors
industrialists

Question 28

Fisheries science that serves management, in contrast, requires no engagement with fish as _______.

Answer 28

living beings.

They are represented as economic resources.

Question 29

fecundity

Answer 29

the number of eggs a female produces

Question 30

recruitment

Answer 30

the number of juvenile cod that live to reproductive age

Question 31

Questioning the underlying cod fisheries science and management model

Answer 31

• Single species population or members of dynamic ecosystems/food webs
• Does the physical environment affect birth, growth, fecundity, and recruitment rates (yield)?
• Does fishing alter birth, growth, fecundity, and recruitment rates (yield)?
• Are fishing costs really linear? What about the distribution of costs and benefits?
• Are cod arranged into large unit stocks and are the management units appropriate?

Question 32

Heavy industrial fishing pressure, such as bottom trawling for cod, tends to encourage fish to reach maturity at an earlier age (first spawn- ing was at 5–6 years but the age at which fish were being first captured was ~3 and cod started to spawn as early as age 4). Early spawning means less viable eggs and even skipping spawn- ing years. The older the fish, the more eggs, and the more viable the eggs (fish >7 years).

Answer 32

Heavy industrial fishing pressure, such as bottom trawling for cod, tends to encourage fish to reach maturity at an earlier age (first spawn- ing was at 5–6 years but the age at which fish were being first captured was ~3 and cod started to spawn as early as age 4). Early spawning means less viable eggs and even skipping spawn- ing years. The older the fish, the more eggs, and the more viable the eggs (fish >7 years).

Removable of nearly all the old large fish

Question 33

Newfoundland Cod Fishery differences between inshore and offshore fisheries

Answer 33

Inshore (local, small scale, trad. knowledge and practice)

Offshore (international, capital-intensive, trawlers and other technology, use of models like MSY)

Question 34

1956 federal 10/42 unemployment scheme

Answer 34

documented impact : a lot of people were sharing a single job.