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Biology Honors (9) > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy flows into an ecosystem as ____ and leaves as _____.

A

sunlight; heat

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2
Q

How is photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

A

Photosynthesis generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration. Cells use chemical energy stored in bonds of organic molecules to regenerate ATP, which powers work.

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3
Q

All the energy in food can be traced back to _____

A

sunlight

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4
Q

Without _____ your muscles would shut down.

A

oxygen

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5
Q

Catabolic pathways yield energy by _____

A

oxidizing organic fuels
PS: catabolic = “to break down”

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6
Q

What is the chemical equation of cellular respiration?

A
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7
Q

A common fuel molecule for cellular respiration is _____

A

glucose

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8
Q

What other molecules can cellular respiration burn besides glucose?

A
  • diverse types of carbs
  • fats
  • proteins
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9
Q

How is cellular respiration and breathing related?

A

Cellular respiration requires a cell to exchange gases with its surroundings. Breathing exchanges these gases between the blood and outside air.

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10
Q

What are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. The Krebs Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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11
Q

Explain the 3 stages of cellular respiration in detail.

A
  • Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid).
  • The Krebs Cycle completes the breakdown of glucose.
  • Electron Transport Chain includes oxidative phosphorylation, which accounts for most of the ATP synthesis.
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12
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

A

matrix of mitochondria

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14
Q

Where does ETC occur?

A

Cristae (folds in inner membrane of mitochondria)

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15
Q

Explain oxidative phosphorylation.

A

the production of ATP energy via chemosis using ATP synthase during the ETC in the cristae of mitochondria.

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16
Q

What is different about chemiosmosis in chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria both generate ATP by chemiosmosis using ATP synthase, but use different sources of energy.

17
Q

Name the reactants and products of glycolysis.

A
18
Q

Name the reactants of the Krebs Cycle.

A
  • 2 Pyruvic Acid
  • 2 ADP
  • 8 NAD+
  • 2 FAD+
19
Q

Name the products of the Krebs Cycle.

A
  • 6 CO2 (byproduct)
  • 2 ATP
  • 8 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
20
Q

Name the reactants of the Electron Transport Chain.

A
  • 6 CO2
  • 10 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
21
Q

Name the products of the Electron Transport Chain.

A
  • 6 H20
  • 10 NAD+
  • 2 FAD+
  • 32 ATP
22
Q

What are the two byproducts of ETC?

A

NAD+, FAD+
- electron acceptors

23
Q

Name and describe the total energy yield of cellular respiration.

A

36 ATP
- this represents about 36% of the total energy of glucose, and the remaining 64% is released as heat.

24
Q

Describe the relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration.

A

The products of photosynthesis is used for cellular respiration and vice versa.

25
Q

Compare respiration vs photosynthesis. (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

A
  • food is synthesized
  • energy from SUN is stored in glucose
  • carbon dioxide takes in, oxygen is given off
  • produces sugars
  • only occurs in plants and other photosynthesizing organisms
26
Q

Compare respiration vs. photosynthesis. (CELL. RESPIRATION)

A
  • food is broken down
  • the energy of glucose is released
  • CO2 given off, oxygen taken in
  • produces ATP
  • occurs in all living cells
27
Q

Why does glycolysis have to occur before the Krebs Cycle can occur?

A

The Krebs cycle requires pyruvate, which is produced during glycolysis.

28
Q

What is produced by the Krebs cycle, that can be immediately used to power cell activites?

A

NADH and FADH2

29
Q

What is the purpose of NADH and FADH2 produced in the Krebs Cycle?

A

It can carry electrons to the ETC.

30
Q

Fermentation

A

process of producing from food molecules in the ABSENCE of oxygen
- in the cytoplasm
- 2 types: alcoholic, lactic acid

31
Q

When is glycolysis followed by fermentation?

A

When there is no O2 avaliable

32
Q

Fermentation produces how many ATP?

A

NO ATP
- only allows NADH to be restored to be NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

33
Q

SUMMARY: LACTIC ACID FERM.

A
  • most organisms
  • regenerates NAD+ used for glycolysis
  • lactic acid is byproduct (waste)
34
Q

what is the chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation?

A

pyruvic acid + NADH -> lactic acid + NAD+

35
Q

steps of lactic acid fermentation:

A
  1. Glycolysis produces NADH, ATP, Pyruvic Acid (PA)
  2. PA is converted to Lactic Acid
  3. Cells convert NADH back to NAD+ by passing electrons back to PA
  4. Glycolysis continues producing ATP
  5. causes muscle soreness due to buildup of lactic acid
36
Q

What is lactic acid produced as a waste product (in bacteria) used for?

A

making foods, such as cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream

37
Q

Formula for Alcoholic Fermentation

A

Pyruvic Acid + NADH -> Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

38
Q

Exercises 90 seconds or less vs. exercises greater than 90 secs

A

< 90: uses ATP already stored in muscles and made by lactic acid ferm
> 90: uses ATP from cellular respiration

Biology Honors (9) (7 decks)

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