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Biology Honors (9) > Chapter 7: Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • 1st person to describe cells
  • observed cork (plant cells) with a microscope
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2
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

first to observe:
- protists in pond scum
- blood cells, bacterial cells, yeast cells
- Conclusion: cells are the basic unit of life!

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3
Q

Matthias Schleiden

A
  • Studied plant cells
  • concluded that all plant parts are made of cells
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4
Q

Theodor Schwann

A
  • studied animal cells
  • concluded all animal tissues were made of cells
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5
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A
  • concluded that cells only form from other cells
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6
Q

What 3 things to does the cell theory state?

A
  • living things are composed of cells
  • cells are the basic unit of life
  • new cells are produced from pre-existing cells
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7
Q

How does a light microscope function?

A
  • light passes through a specimen
  • two lenses form an image
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8
Q

limitations of a light microscope

A
  • magnifies 1000x
  • cells are transparent (dyes/stains are required)
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9
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A
  • beams of electrons focused by magnetic fields
  • reveals details 1000x smaller than light microscope
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10
Q

limitations of an electron microscope

A
  • can only visualize nonliving, preserved cells and tissues
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11
Q

All cells have a cell membrane. T or F

A

True

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12
Q

What are the two layers of phospholipids called?

A

Lipid bilayer

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13
Q

What are the two lipid bilayers?

A
  • Phosphate heads (polar)
  • Fatty acid tails (non-polar)
  • proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol in membrane
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14
Q

What are the two types of cellular transport?

A

passive transport & active transport

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15
Q

Passive transport

A
  • doesn’t use energy
    1. diffusion
    2. facilitated diffusion
    3. osmosis
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16
Q

Active transport

A
  • cell uses energy
    1. protein pumps
    2. endocytosis
    3. exocytosis
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16
Q

What is the energy used in cellular transport?

A

ATP

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17
Q

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other
  • NO additional energy added
  • maintains balance in the cell (homeostasis)
  • moves down concentration gradient (high -> low)
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18
Q

Concentration gradient is what?

A

the concentration difference between regions of high/low concentration.

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of solute particles from high -> low concentration.

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20
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • Using proteins as channels to pass certain molecules to the membrane. (transport proteins/protein channels)
  • used to transport large, charged, or water molecules.
  • example = glucose molecules
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21
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Diffusion of water through the membrane using aquaporins
  • Movement of water through cell membranes to side with LESS concentration
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22
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Transport proteins that allow water to pass through the membrane

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23
Q

Why do water molecules have a tough time passing through the cell membrane?

A
  • its polarity
  • the unstable negative and positive charges causes a tough time for water molecules to pass through the transport proteins and across towards the cell membrane.
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24
Q

Isotonic

A

Same concentration on both sides (outside/inside the cell)

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25
Q

Hypertonic

A

More solutes than water molecules (concentrated)

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26
Q

Hypotonic

A

More water molecules than solutes (diluted/not concentrated)

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27
Q

What are some cells that can be seen without a microscope?

A
  • Amoeba (0.5mm)
  • human egg cell
  • chicken egg
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28
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Fluid inside cells
  • Holds organelles in place
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29
Q

Prokaryote (bacteria)

A
  • small and simple
  • NO nucleus
  • cell membrane & cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • grow, reproduce, respond to change
  • may use flagella/cilia for movement
  • may have cell wall
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30
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • vary in shape
  • highly specialized
  • have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • cell membrane and cytoplasm
  • DNA in the nucleus
  • multicellular/unicellular
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31
Q

Nucleus

A
  • only in eukaryotic cells
  • control cell processes
  • stores DNA
  • codes for new proteins
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32
Q

Binucleate/Multinucleate Cells

A
  • cells with more than one nucleus
  • skeletal muscle cells, heart cells, and some liver cells
  • reason: they have many functions and thus need multiple nuclei to carry out these tasks
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33
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • surrounds nucleus
  • double membrane layer
  • pores allow material to move in/out of the nucleus
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34
Q

Chromatin

A
  • in the nucleus
  • string of DNA
  • condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
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35
Q

Chromosome

A
  • Strings of chromatin formed and joined together make a chromosome (condensed chromatin)
  • compacted DNA
  • pass genetic info to following generations
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36
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • dark spherical mass inside nucleus
  • assembly of ribosomes
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37
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Gel-like substance within membrane and nucleus
  • holds organelles
  • transports materials used for cell activites
38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • nucleus to cell membrane
  • protein filaments (microtubles, intermediate filaments, microfilaments)
  • maintain shape/support
  • cell movement
39
Q

Cilia

A

Many short-like projections

40
Q

Flagella

A

One or two longer whip-like structures

41
Q

Centriole

A
  • Animal cells
  • outside nuclear envelope
  • help separate chromosomes during cell division
42
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • transports materials
43
Q

Rough ER

A
  • ribosomes
  • protein sysnthesis
44
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • no ribosomes
  • creates lipids and detoxifies cell
45
Q

Ribosome

A
  • In the nucleus, cytoplasm, and Rough ER
  • produce proteins based on instructions from DNA
46
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • near ER and nucleus
  • further packages and modifies proteins after ER
  • proteins sent outside of the cell or to organelles
47
Q

Protein Assembly

A
  1. Proteins are assembled on ribosomes
  2. Proteins targeted for export to the cell membrane, or to specialized locations within the cell, complete their assembly of ribosomes bound to the rough ER.
  3. Newly assembled proteins are carried from the rough ER.
48
Q

Lysosome

A
  • cytoplasm, rare in plant cells
  • contain enzymes that break down food into nutrients for cell
  • also a “cell cleaner”, breaks down old organelles
49
Q

Central Vacuole

A
  • plant cells only
  • cytoplasm
  • stores water & nutrients
  • pressure in plant vacuole aid in support of plant cell
50
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • cytoplasm
  • in animal cells, protists
  • small saclike structures
  • store nutrients, remove excess water from the cell
51
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • in cytoplasm of plants, some protists, & bacteria
  • photosynthesis; uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose
52
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Cytoplasm, more in muscle cells
  • POWERPLANT
  • cellular respiration; generates cellular energy (ATP) from glucose
53
Q

Cell wall

A
  • outermost boundary in plant, bacteria, and fungi cells
  • support and protection, maintain cell shape
54
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • outer boundary of cells
  • semipermeable
  • controls what enters and exits the cell to maintain an internal balance called homeostasis. (semipermeable)
  • provides protection and support for the cell
  • cell communication
55
Q

What does the cell membrane contain?

A

Lipid bilayer: containing proteins and carbohydrates

56
Q

What are membranes made out of?

A

PHOSPHOLPIDS
- lipid bilayer (doube layer)
- hydrophobic fatty tails inside
- hydrophilic heads outwards to water

57
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A
  • Membranes embedded with proteins & carbs
  • can move around and “float” among lipids
  • proteins form channels and pumps that help to move material across cell membrane
58
Q

Osmotic pressure

A
  • movement of water out of or into a cell exerting a force.
  • for organisms to survive, they must have a way to balance the intake and loss of water
59
Q

The size of the image formed by a light microscope is limited. True or False?

A

TRUE

60
Q

Fluorescent dyes help scientists see the movement of compounds and structures in living cells. True or False?

A

TRUE

61
Q

Transmission electron microscopes form a 3-d image of the surface of the specimen. true or false?

A

FALSE; scanning electron microscope

62
Q

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image is formed by ______.

A

beams of electrons being scanned

63
Q

What does the term “organelle” literally mean?

A

little organs

64
Q

How are contractile vacuoles different from other types of vacuoles?

A

Contractile vacuoles help with the maintenance of osmotic pressure in the fluids of organism by balancing the concentrations of water and solutions.

65
Q

What structure of cytoskeleton is found in animal cells but not plant cells?

A

centrioles

66
Q

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane. True or False?

A

True

67
Q

Nearly all of the mitochondria in your cells were inherited from your father. True or False?

A

False; mother

68
Q

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria lack genetic information. True or False?

A

False; they contain genetic information

69
Q

Most _____ are porous to water and other materials but strong enough to support and protect cells.

A

Cell wall

70
Q

Nearly all of the plant tissue called ____ is made up of cell walls.

A

wood

71
Q

How to the function of vesicles help in the synsthesis of proteins and the release of proteins?

A

Vesicles transport items to the golgi apparatus, which modifies proteins. After, the vesicles transport these to the cell membrane where they can be released.

72
Q

What are some examples of osmotic pressure?

A
  • plasma surrounds red blood cells
  • water and nutrients enter plant cells thru osmosis.
  • when a wilted plant is watered, osmosis makes the plant firm again.
73
Q

Exocytosis

A

fusion of vesicle to membrane for release

74
Q

Endocytosis

A

the cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane

75
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-meditated endocytosis

76
Q

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • movement from low concentration to high
  • certain molecules/ions need transport proteins called “protein pumps” to cross the membrane. (ex: calcium, potassium, sodium ions)
77
Q

True or False; active transport uses channel proteins.

A

FALSE; protein pumps

78
Q

Phagocytosis = cell _____

A

EATING

79
Q

Pinocytosis = cell _______

A

DRINKING

80
Q

How does a hypotonic solution look in an animal and plant cell?

A

Animal: lysed
Plant: turgid (normal)

81
Q

How does an isotomic solution look in an animal/plant cell?

A

Animal: Normal
Plant: flaccid

82
Q

How does a hypertonic solution look in an animal/plant solution?

A

Animal: Shriveled
Plant: Playsmolyzed

83
Q

Endocytosis is a ______ of exocytosis, involving different _______.

A

reverse, proteins

84
Q

ENDOCYTOSIS (detail)

A

Taking bulky material into a cell
- uses energy
- cell membrane in-folds around food particle, forms food vacuole & digests food
- how white blood cells eat bacteria

85
Q

EXOCYTOSIS (detail)

A

cells releasing large amounts of material from the cell
- the membrane of vacuole surrounding the material fuses with cell membrane, causing contents out of the cell

86
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation

87
Q

ligand

A

any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule

88
Q

Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins.

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteins
  • cholesteral
  • carbohydrates
89
Q

Integral proteins

A
  • COMPLETELY embedded in the membrane; “big protein”
90
Q

Peripheral proteins

A
  • LOOSELY bound to the membrane surface like a “small protein on the side”
91
Q

Cholesterol

A

regulates membrane movement during temperature changes, attached between phospholipids
- membrane fluidity

92
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Attached to the membrane and membrane-bound proteins
- glycolipids (phospholipids + carbohydrate)
- glycoproteins (protein + carbohydrate)

Biology Honors (9) (7 decks)

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