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Biology Honors (9) > Chapter 11: Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the “particulate” hypothesis?

A

idea that parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

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2
Q

What is the “blending” hypothesis?

A

Genetic material from two parents blend together

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3
Q

Trait

A

specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

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4
Q

Gene

A

sequence of DNA that coees for a protein and determines trait

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5
Q

Allele

A

one of a number of different forms of a gene

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6
Q

Hybrid

A

offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

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7
Q

True-breeding

A

organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves in order to self-pollinate

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8
Q

Mendel true-breeded

A

pea plants

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9
Q

Describe Mendel’s 1st of Dominance.

A

Two genes mixed = 1 Dominant gene shown in F1 generation

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10
Q

Segregation

A

separation of alleles during gamete formtion
- As the F1 plant flowers, the alleles are segregated so each gamete carries one single copy of that gene.
- Each f1 plant produces 2 TYPES of gametes.

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11
Q

Principle/Law of Independent Assortment

A

states that genes for different traits can segregate INDEPENDENTLY during the formation of gametes
- genes of one trait do not affect genes with other traits.
- this allows us to CROSS genes for different traits.

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12
Q

Cross Type: Two heterozygous

A

3 Dominant, 1 Recessive

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13
Q

Two heterozygous dihybrid cross gives a ratio of:

A

9:3:3:1

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14
Q

Incomplete dominance vs. codominance

A

For ex: Red x White flower
Incomplete dominance: Pink
Codominance: Red + White SPOTS

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15
Q

Which blood group has multiple alleles? (As an example)

A

ABO blood

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16
Q

Epistasis

A

one gene affects the expression of another

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17
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

a single phenotypic character is affected by 2 or more genes

18
Q

Pleiotropy

A

multiple phenotypic effects, possessed by most genes.
- responsible for multiple symptoms such as hereditary diseases

19
Q

norm of reaction

A

the phenotypic range of a genotype influenced by the environment
- Ex: hydrangea flowers of same genotypic range from blue-violet to pink, depending on soil acidity

20
Q

Polygenic trait

A

trait controlled by two or more genes

21
Q

Diploid vs. Haploid

A

Diploid - contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
Haploid - contains only a single set of chromosomes and 1 single set of genes

22
Q

Examples of diploid and haploid cells:”

A

Diploid: somatic (normal human body) cell
Haploid: sex cells or gametes

23
Q

What does the ‘n’ represent?

A

of unique chromosomes

24
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes that have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
- similar in shape, position, and information, but NOT IDENTICAL

25
Q

Meiosis

A

separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

26
Q

Synapsis

A

process of homologous chromsomes coming together during crossing-over

27
Q

Tetrad

A

structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis.

28
Q

Chiasmata

A

location where DNA is exchanged during crossing-over

29
Q

Crossing-over

A

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

30
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

formation of male gametes (sperm)
- 4 genetically different gametes

31
Q

Oogenesis

A

formation of female gametes (egg)
- 4 genetically different gametes, but only 1 is functional

32
Q

What was one thing that Mendel did wrong?

A

Genes don’t segregate independently, it’s chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.

33
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan’s discovery

A

first to associate a specific gene with a specific chromosome

34
Q

Genome

A

full set of genetic material carried by an organism

35
Q

Karyotype

A

set of photographs which shows complete diploid set of chromosomes

36
Q

Autosome

A

autosomal chromosome; not a sex chromosome

37
Q

sex chromosome

A

one of two chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex
- females = XX
- males = XY

38
Q

Egg cells contain _____ chromosome. Sperm cells contain _____ chromosome.

A

Egg: 1 X chromosome
Sperm: 1 X or 1 Y chromosome

39
Q

What determines the gender of an offspring?

A

the sperm cells
- about half of zygotes = 46 XX, and half will be 46XY.

40
Q

Sex-Linked disorders are defective alleles on the __ chromosome.

A

X chromosome
- since the gene of these disorders is recessive, men are more likely to acquire this genetic disorder.

41
Q

X-Chromosome Inactivation

A

Females can inactivate parts of an X chromosome and use the same genetic information from the corresponding chromosome
- spotted cats

Biology Honors (9) (7 decks)

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