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Biology Honors (9) > Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cell Growth & Division Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis and cell division produces two ______

A

identical daughter cells

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2
Q

3 goals of mitosis and cell division:

A

growth, repair, and development

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3
Q

1st problem: Cell size and material exchange

A

the larger a cell grows the surface area/volume ratio DECREASES which makes cells less efficient at…
- moving enough nutrients in
- moving waste out

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4
Q

Surface area of the membrane determines

A

the rate of exchange of materials

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5
Q

Volume of the cell determines

A

the rate material is used and discarded

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6
Q

As the cell increases, its volume increases faster than its SA, which ____ the ratio of SA:V.

A

decreases

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7
Q

2nd Problem: DNA Overload

A

as the cell gets larger, DNA stays the SAME, causing an information shortage.
- DNA demands cannot support the protein needs of large cells

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8
Q

Instead of growing too large, cells _______

A

divide in half!
- this increases SA/V ratio
- all organisms grow and change: worn-out tissues are replaced by newly produced cells

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9
Q

How does cell division solve the two growth problems?

A
  1. SA:V is increases, so efficient exchange of material can occur through the cell membrane
  2. Each daughter cell gets its own DNA so their is no information shortage.
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10
Q

10.2

A

.

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11
Q

Define The Cell Cycle.

A

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

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12
Q

Two halves of the cell cycle:

A
  • Interphase
  • M Phase
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13
Q

Describe Interphase

A

the period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

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14
Q

Describe the M phase.

A

period of time when mitosis and cell division occurs

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15
Q

G_1 phase (Gap 1)

A
  • growing
  • synthesizes new proteins and organelles
  • longest phase of the cell cycle
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16
Q

S Phase (Synthesis)

A
  • Chromosomes (DNA) are replicated
  • key proteins associated with replication are made (centromeres)
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17
Q

G2 Phase (Gap 2)

A
  • shortest of the 3 phases of interphase
  • organelles and molecules for cell division are produced (centrioles)
  • checkup phase
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18
Q

What stage in the cell cycle would most likely be for a cancer-causing genetic mutation to occur? Why?

A

S Phase
- this is where DNAs are replicated

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19
Q

At what point in the cell cycle could the cell catch this mutation and either fix it or push the cell into apoptosis (programmed cell death)?

A

G_2 phase
- G2 phase is the checkup phase before mitosis, and organelles and molecules can be produced to kill the cell.

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20
Q

________ condenses into ________ before mitosis begins.

A

Chromatin; Chromosomes

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21
Q

Chromatin

A

a complex of DNA and proteins in the cell nucleus that condenses to form chromosomes
- messy and spread-out

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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

condensed chromatin

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23
Q

Nucleosome = groups of ______

A

histone proteins

24
Q

Centromere

A

the protein where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
- the ‘circle in the middle’

25
Q

In the S phase, how many chromosomes and chromatids are produced?

A
  • 46 chromosomes
  • 92 chromatids
26
Q

Diagram of Mitosis

A
27
Q

Describe interphase.

A

the chromosomes are in an extended form and are seen as chromatin.
- the NUCLEUS is visible.

28
Q

Describe prophase.

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • nucleoli and nuclear envelop break down
  • spindle fibers grow from centrioles
  • centrioles move to opposite poles of cell
29
Q

Describe metaphase.

A
  • the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell.
  • spindle fibers from each centriole are attached to the centromeres of the chromosomes.
30
Q

Describe anaphase.

A
  • the centromeres split
  • sister chromatids separate as each is pulled to an opposite pole
31
Q

Describe telophase.

A
  • chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distinct.
  • new nuclear membranes form.
  • the nucleolus reappears.
32
Q

Describe cytokinesis.

A

cytoplasmic division
- simultaneous with telophase

33
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plant cells.

A

In plant cells, a cell plate forms. The fusion of multiple membrane-bounded vesicles supplies a new plasma membrane for each of the two daughter cells.
- synthesis of a new cell wall between the daughter cells then occurs at the cell plate.

34
Q

Describe internal regulators.

A

proteins that respond to events INSIDE the cell.
- Cyclins control the activation of these proteins.

35
Q

Describe external regulators.

A

proteins that respond to events OUTSIDE the cell.
- growth factors = most important external regulators

36
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

avoidance behavior by cells to reset cell growth

37
Q

Describe cyclins.

A
  • proteins that rise and fall in concentration in step to the eukaryotic cell cycle.
  • cyclins activate crucial protein kinases called CDK.
38
Q

A cancer is

A

uncontrolled cell growth

39
Q

benign tumor vs malignant tumor

A
  • benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissue or spread around the body.
  • malignant tumors may invade its surrounding tissue or spread around the body.
40
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

group of genes that are a normal part of cell divison

41
Q

Oncogene

A

group of mutated proto-oncogene cells that have now become cancerous

42
Q

What is the p53 antioncogene?

A

p53 is a tumor suppressor gene found mutated in about 1/2 of all human cancers.
- it encodes a gene regulatory protein that is activated by damaged DNA and involved in blocking further progression of the cell cycle

43
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

44
Q

What is the difference between cell growth and development?

A
  • Cell growth forms IDENTICAL cells.
  • Cell development makes changes occur to form new types of cells.
45
Q

Describe zygotes and embryos.

A

Zygotes: Fusion of egg and sperm cell
Embryo: Early development stage

46
Q

During development, cells _______

A

differentiate (become SPECIALIZED)

47
Q

Specialized cells

A

cells that perform complex functions of the body
- ex: nerve cells, muscle cells, etc.

48
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

can become entire organism
- able to develop into ANY CELL TYPE

49
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Pluripotent - can DIFFERENTIATE into nearly all cells
- 4/5 days into fertilization = embryo becomes a blastocyst (balls of cells with a cluster of cells inside)

50
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

multipotent - a number of cell types
oligopotent - a few cell types
unipotent - one cell type

51
Q

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

A

created in lab settings. Adult somatic cells are REVERTED back to pluripotent form via treatments

52
Q

How does 1 cell create all the specialized cell types in the human body?

A

The first cell is totipotent (able to develop into any cell type)
- only the fertilized egg and cells from first few divisions are totipotent

53
Q

Embryonic Stem Cells

A

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent (can develop into most (not all) cell types),
- unspecialized cells which differentiated cells develop from

54
Q

Adult Stem Cells

A

cells that replace cells in the adult body
- Example: Skin and blood cells
- Multipotent
- stem cells in certain tissues may produce cells of that type (ex: blood stem cells producing red/white blood cells)

55
Q

Asexual Representation v. Sexual Representation

A

Asexual: reproduction through mitosis or binary fission
Sexual: Reproduction through production of gametes by process of meiosis

Biology Honors (9) (7 decks)

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