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Biology Honors (9) > Chapter 8: Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Energy travels to Earth in the form of ______

A

Light

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2
Q

We perceive different wavelengths of light as _____

A

colors

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3
Q

Objects absorb every wavelength but _____

A

One. This one wavelength is being reflected back (which is the color we see).
Ex: red objects reflect red light.

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4
Q

Black/dark colored objects

A
  • absorbs all wavelengths of light equally
  • does not reflect any light back
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5
Q

White/light colored objects

A

reflects all wavelengths of light equally

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6
Q

Apparent color = _______ - _______

A

Sunlight - wavelengths/colors

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7
Q

Explain the significance of male/female cardinals.

A
  • Feathers of male cardinals are loaded with carotenoid pigments, which absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others.
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8
Q

Chloroplast

A

organelle which photosynthesis occurs

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9
Q

Photopigments

A

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy with sunlight with these photopigments.
- these pigments are light-absorbing molecules

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10
Q

What is the main pigment in plants?

A

Chlorophyll

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11
Q

Plant pigments include:

A
  1. chlorophyll a
  2. chlorophyll b
    - absorb most colors well (reds/blues) except poorly in green (reflects)
  3. carotenoids (which absorb light in other regions of the spectrum reflecting oranges, reds, yellows)
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12
Q

ATP

A

a compound that cells use to store and release energy
- basic source of energy

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13
Q

What does ATP consist of:

A
  • adenine (base)
  • ribose (5-carbon sugar)
  • 3 phosphate sugars
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14
Q

ADP

A
  • has 2 phosphate groups
  • if a cell has energy available, stores small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP
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15
Q

How is energy in ATP released?

A

by breaking chemical bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups.
- ATP releases and stores energy by breaking and re-forming the bonds between its phosphate groups

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16
Q

What is energy in ATP used for?

A
  • Cellular activities
  • active transport
  • protein synthesis
  • muscle contraction
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17
Q

ATP is not good at ______

A

storing energy for long

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18
Q

True or False: most cells have a large amount of ATP in the cell

A

FALSE, small amount

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19
Q

All energy on Earth comes from ____.

A

THE SUN

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20
Q

List 3 photosynthetic organisms.

A
  • plants
  • algae (underwater plants)
  • cyanobacteria (photosynthesis bacteria)
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21
Q

Write the equation for photosynthesis.

A
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22
Q

Using sunlight energy, photosynthesis transforms ____ & ______ into ____ and _____.

A

transforms: carbon dioxide, water
into: oxygen, carbohydrates (glucose)

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23
Q

When is energy transferred to electrons and in which pigments?

A

in chlorophyll as they absorb sunlight

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24
Q

Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from _____. What is this theory called?

A

photosynthetic bacteria; endosymbiotic theory (two organelles work together)

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25
Q

Stomata

A

microscopic pores in which carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits the leaf (in a LEAF CELL)

26
Q

Leaf Diagram (memorize!!)

A
27
Q

Mesophyll

A
  • the interior tissue of the leaf
  • Chloroplasts are found in highest concentrations in cells of mesophyll.
  • Mesophyll has 30-40 chloroplasts
28
Q

Chloroplast Diagram

A
29
Q

Thylakoid

A

Saclike photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll pigments
- light-dependent reactions occur here

30
Q

Granum

A

Stack of thylakoids

31
Q

Stroma

A

Region outside the thylakoid membrane
- reactions of the Calvin Cycle occur here
- “cytoplasm” of chloroplasts

32
Q

Chloroplast membrane

A

Bilayer surrounding the chloroplast
- monitors what enters/exits

33
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Barrier that surrounds thylakoids; pigments (like chlorophyll) are found here

34
Q

Chlorophyll

A
  • embedded in the thylakoid membrane
  • act like a light “antenna”
  • these molecules absorb sunlight energy
35
Q

What are the 2 parts of photosynthesis?

A
  • light reactions (light dependent reactions)
  • Calvin Cycle (light independent reacitons)
36
Q

Explain the energy collection.

A
  • when chlorophyll absorbs light, light energy is transferred to electrons.
  • these high-energy electrons (e-) are needed to start the light-independent reactions.
37
Q

Oxidation

A

becomes more positive

38
Q

Reduction

A

becomes more negative

39
Q

Oxidation and Reduction diagram

A
40
Q

High-energy electrons

A
  • highly reactive
  • require a special “carrier”
41
Q

NADP+

A

electron acceptor molecule (only mitten without holding anything)
- accepts high-energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+)

42
Q

NADPH

A

electron holder molecule (while holding the electrons)

43
Q

Thylakoids transform light energy into chemical energy of _____.

A

ATP and NADPH

44
Q

Why is NADP+/NADPH neccessary?

A

Plants use electron carriers to transport high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules.

45
Q

Explain the effects of NADPH from light dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle.

A

The NADPH carries the high-energy electrons from light-dependent reactions (in the thylakoid membrane) to the Calvin Cycle in the stroma of the chloroplast.

46
Q

What 3 things do plants need? (REV)

A
  • photosynthesis
  • light reactions
    light (sunlight absorbed by the top of leaves)
    H20 (rain absorbed by roots)
  • Calvin Cycle
    CO2 (atmosphere from stomata holes in the bottom of leaf)
47
Q

Summary of the light reactions

A
  • split H20
  • release O2
  • reduce NADP+ to NADPH
  • generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation
48
Q

Summary of the Calvin Cycle

A
  • the Calvin Cycle forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH
  • the Calvin Cycle begins with carbon fixation (as they incorporate CO2 into organic molecules)
49
Q

Light (dependent reactions) happen only in ______.
- What is the location of these reactions?

A
  • happen only in SUNLIGHT
  • location: thylakoid membrane (which contains chlorophyll)
50
Q

What are the two parts of light (dependent) reactions?

A
  1. Light is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules
  2. The energy generates molecules of ATP from NADPH.
51
Q

What are the reactants of light-dependent reactions?

A
  • H20
  • light
  • NADP+
  • ADP
52
Q

What are the products of light-dependent reactions?

A
  • O2
  • NADPH
  • ATP
53
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

process of joining proton movement (H+ ions) to join ADP and P.
- accomplished by enzymes called ATP synthase/ATPases in the thylakoid membrane.

54
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

process of creating ATP using a Proton gradient created by the energy gathered from sunlight.
- (Chemiosis by light energy)

55
Q

Calvin cycle is located in the _____

A

stroma

56
Q

Reactants of the Calvin Cycle

A
  • CO2
  • ATP
  • NADPH
57
Q

Products of the Calvin Cycle

A
  • Glucose (C6H12O6)
  • ADP
  • NADP+
58
Q

Describe the three phases of the Calvin Cycle

A
  • Carbon fixation (catalyzed by RuBisCo)
  • Reduction/Carbohydrate Formation
  • Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
59
Q

Describe carbon fixation.

A
  • Carbon fixation converts CO2 into different organic forms to be used in the reaction.
  • RuBisCo is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction.
60
Q

Factors that affect photosynthesis

A
  • Water supply
  • Amount of sunlight
  • temperature
  • carbon dioxide

Biology Honors (9) (7 decks)

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