Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic System, and Immune System Flashcards
What is Hematology?
Hematology is the healthcare specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood through tests, procedures, and drugs
What is Hematopoiesis?
Hematopoiesis is the process of the formation of all formed elements in the blood and the body
What is Immunology?
Immunology is the healthcare specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system through tests, procedures, and drugs
What does the Lymphatic System consist of?
The Lymphatic System consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph fluid, the spleen, and the thymas
What does the Lymphatic System form?
Forms a pathway of lymphatic vessels and nodes throughout the body
The Lymphatic System defends the body against what?
Defends the body against invading microorganisms and cancerous cells
What are the two particular types of blood cells The Lymphatic System share?
Shares two particular types of blood cells known as lymphocytes and macrophages (white blood cells)
What are macrophages and lymphocytes?
White blood cells
What happens to immature leukocytes?
immature leukocytes are released into the blood and travel to the thymus
What does the spleen serve as?
the spleen serves as a storage area for reserve supplies of blood
What does the spleen break down and recycle?
The spleen breaks down and recycles old erythrocytes (red blood cells)
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
What portion is plasma in the blood?
Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood
What does plasma look like? And how much does it make up?
-clear, straw-colored liquid
-makes up 55% of the total volume of blood
What is the most numerous type of blood cell?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
What do Erythrocytes look like?
round, somewhat flattened, red disks
What makes Erythrocytes unique?
they have no cell nucleus when they mature
What do Erythrocytes do?
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the lungs and each cell in the body
What do Erythrocytes contain?
Erythrocytes contain Hemoglobin
What is hemoglobin
a red iron-containing molecule
What does hemoglobin do? and where does it take place?
-bind to oxygen molecules to form Oxyhemoglobin
-formation takes place in the red marrow of the bones
What are very immature cells known as?
Very immature cells are known as stem cells
What do mature stem cells become?
mature stem cells become erythroblasts and then a normoblast
What is something erythrocytes cannot do?
cannot divide or repair themselves
How long do Erythrocytes have until they deteriorate?
last only 120 days before they begin to deteriorate
What do specialized cells break down their molecules into?
Specialized cells (macrophages) break down their hemoglobin molecules into globins and heme
What are specialized cells?
macrophages
What are Heme molecules converted to?
Heme molecules are converted to bilirubin
What role does Bilirubin play?
Bilirubin plays an important role as an antioxidant
What does Bilirubin protect the body cells against?
Bilirubin protects body cells from damage by free radicals
How many kinds of cells do Leukocytes have?
5 different kinds of cells
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-lymphocytes
-monocytes
How do Leukocytes get identified?
Can be identified based on the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of the nucleus
What do Leukocytes with large granules in their cytoplasm and segmented nucleus categorized as?
granulocytes
What do Granulocytes include
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-phil
suffix: attraction to
What is the most common type of leukocyte?
Neutrophils
What is the percentage of Neutrophils in the blood?
40-60% in the blood
What are Neutrophils categorized as?
Categorized as granulocytes
What do Neutrophils have a lot of?
Have many lobes
What are Neutrophils known as?
known as polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMN) or poly
Where do Neutrophils develop?
develop in the red marrow
What does CBC mean?
complete blood count
What would cause a higher count of Neutrophils in the CBC?
Most likely would be a higher count in the CBC if a patient is fighting a bacterial infection
Why are Neutrophils part of the immune response of the lymphatic system?
because they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria
How long do Neutrophils live if they are actively destroying bacteria?
Live for a few days or hours
What are the 2 least common leukocytes?
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
What are Eosinophils categorized as?
categorized as granulocytes
What are Basophils categorized as?
categorized as granulocytes
Where do Eosinophils develop?
develop in the red marrow
What do Eosinophils do?
Engulf and destroy foreign cells (pollen, and animal dander)
What do Eosinophils release?
Release toxic chemicals that kill parasites that invade the body
What are Eosinophils involved in?
involved in allergen triggers as a localized reaction
How many lobes does the nucleus of a basophil have?
2 lobes
Where do basophils develop?
develop in red marrow
What does basophil release?
-Release histamine at the site of tissue damage
-release heparin
What is heparin?
an anticoagulant
What is the second most common leukocyte?
Lymphocytes
What are lymphocytes categorized as? Why?
-categorized as agranulocytes
-because the granules in their cytoplasm are nearly invisible
How long do Lymphocytes live?
Some live for a few days or many years
Where do lymphocytes begin their development?
begin their development in the red marrow
Where are lymphocytes present?
-blood
-lymph nodes
-lymphoid tissue
-organs of the lymphatic system
What is the largest but one of the least common leukocytes in the blood?
Monocytes
Why are Monocytes categorized as? Why?
categorized as agranulocytes because the granules in their cytoplasm are nearly invisible
What do Monocytes have a large amount of?
have a large amount of cytoplasm
What are the monocytes nucleus shaped as?
kidney beans
Where do Monocytes develop?
develop in the red marrow
What are monocytes?
phagocytes
What do monocytes do?
engulf and destroy all types of invading microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead leukocytes, and cellular debris
Where are monocytes found?
Found in the blood and in the lymph nodes of the lymphatic system
Why are Thrombocytes different from other blood cells?
Because they are only cell fragments
What is another name for thrombocytes?
Platelets
What is another name for thrombocytes?
Platelets
Where do thrombocytes go when they begin? and what do they become after?
-begin in the red marrow as stem cells
-then become megakaryoblasts
What does the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes’ do?
constantly breaks away at the edge to form the cell fragments that are released into the blood
What are other substances in the plasma?
-Electrolytes
-Albumin
(There are more these are the highlighted ones on the notes)
What are examples electrolytes?
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, And Bicarbonate
What is the most abundant protein dissolved in the blood?
Albumin
What does Albumin do?
Prevents too much water from escaping into tissue during inflammatory reactions
What are the blood types called?
- A
- B
- AB
- O
AB blood is a:
Universal recipient
What type O is blood known as? Why
- known as the universal donor
- because it can be given to patients with any other blood type without causing a reaction
How many antigens does the Rh blood group have?
47 antigens
When is Rh positive?
positive when antigens are present on erythrocytes
When is RH negative?
Negative when antigens are not present on erythrocytes
Where is RH carried?
Carried in the red blood cells
How is our blood type determined?
Through RHs’ genetic material that is carried in the red blood cells
What are blood groups named for?
For their respective antigens
What are antigens?
protein molecules
Where are antigens located?
located on the red blood cells’ cell membrane
Physiology of Blood Clotting:
- Platelet
- Coagutation
- Hemostasis
- Serum
What is Hemostasis?
The process of coagulation and the stopping of breathing
What causes Serum?
when clotting factors in the plasma are activated to form a blood clot this fluid portion of the plasma that remains is known as serum
What happens during Platelet aggregation?
blood vessels constrict to decrease the loss of blood
What happens to Thrombocytes during Platelet aggregation?
Thrombocytes stick to damaged vessel walls and form clumps that slow blood flow
What is activated during coagulation?
Prothrombin is a clotting factor activated
Why is Prothrombin activated during coagulation?
Activated to help in the formation of a thrombus or clot
What are Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph similar to?
Similar IN STRUCTURE to blood vessels, but with several important differences
How and where do Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph begin as?
Begin as tiny lymphatic capillaries in the tissues
Lymphatic capillaries’ have large what?
Large openings in their walls that allow microorganisms and cancerous cells to enter
What happens to Lymphatic capillaries?
Lymphatic capillaries become larger lymphatic vessels that bring lymph to the lymph nodes
Describe Lymph nodes:
Small, encapsulated structures that filter the skin
What do Lymph Nodes do?
Destroy any microorganisms or cancerous cells that are present
Where are Lymph Nodes linked in?
Linked in chains in areas where there is a high risk of invasion by microorganisms or cancerous cells
What do Lymphoid Tissues contain?
Contains lymphocytes that are active in the immune system
- Tonsils
-Adenoids
- Appendix
What are Lymphoid Organs?
- Thymus
- Spleen
Where is the Thymus located?
Located within the mediastinum posterior to the sternum
What does the Thymus receive?
Receives lymphoblasts that migrate from the red marrow and help them mature into T-Cells
Why is the Thymus part of the endocrine system?
because it secretes hormones
Where is the Spleen located and positioned?
- Posterior to the stomach
- Lefter Upper Quadrant of abdomen
Where does the spleen function at?
functions as part of the blood and as part of the immune response of the lymphatic system
The spleen acts like a storage area for what?
acts as a storage area for whole blood
What does the spleen secrete and what does it cause?
secretes epinephrine that causes the spleen to contract and release its stored blood in the circulatory system
what are pathogens?
invaders of the body!
How does the Immune Response function?
- Detects and destroys invading microorganisms and cancerous cells that arise internally
- Begins with the detection of invading microorganisms known as pathogens
pro-
prefix: before
-lysis
process to breakdown; process to destroy
bas/o-
base of a structure; basic (alkaline)
-phil
suffix: attraction to; fondness for
plasm/o-
plasma
apher/o-
withdrawal
-esis
suffix: condition; abnormal condition; process
phor/o-
to bear; to carry; range
erythr/o-
red
-poietin
suffix: a substance that forms
-blast
suffix: immature cell
-lyte
suffix: dissolved substance
immun/o-
immune response
suppress/o-
press down
-ant
suffix: pertaining to
fus/o-
pouring
-penia
suffix: condition of deficiency
plast/o-
growth; formation
opportun/o-
well timed; taking advantage of an opportunity
-crit
suffix: separation of
-stasis
suffix: condition of standing still; staying in one place
meg/a-
large
kary/o-
nucleus
inhibit/o-
cut back
agglutin/o-
clumping
anis/o-
unequal
attenu/o-
weakened
poikil/o-
irregular
heter/o-
other
What is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of blood?
hematology
What are the microorganisms that cause diseases known as?
pathogens
What is aplastic anemia?
the failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient numbers of erythrocytes
What is thrombocythemia?
Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis as a result of platelet malformations
What is the blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample?
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
what does WBC mean?
white blood cells
What is the abbreviation that refers to leukocytes
WBC
what is the process by which all blood cells are formed in the bone marrow?
Hematopoiesis
What is hemophilia?
an inherited abnormality that causes a deficiency of a specific clotting factor resulting in a reduced ability to clot blood
sider/o-
iron
What category do Neutrophils belong to?
Neutrophils belong to a category of leukocytes that have large granules in cytoplasm
What is a hemorrhage?
bleeding; the release of blood from a broken blood vessel, either inside or outside the body
What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?
AIDS; the late stage of the HIV infection
What is Leukemia?
Blood cancer
What is mononucleosis?
Mono
What does the abbreviation DVT stand for?
Deep venous thrombosis
What is deep venous thrombosis?
a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the lower leg
What is Hemophilia? And who passes it?
A genetic disease passed on by a mother carrying the gene
What is lymphoma?
Cancer of the lymphatic system
Blood type is a:
test to determine the blood type and Rh factor of the patient
What does Complete blood count (CBC) with differential do?
determines the number, type, and characteristics of carious cells in the blood
What type of test is ELISA?
Serum tests
What is ELISA?
a screening test for antibodies against HIV
What does the MonoSpot test do?
test for infectious mononucleosis
What is Phlebotomy?
drawing a sample of venous blood into a vacuum tube
What is an Autologous Blood Transfusion?
a blood transfusion when the patients donate their own blood in advance so they can receive it during surgery
What is a drug that affects coagulation?
Thrombolytic enzymes
leiomy/o-
smooth (visceral) muscle
muscl/o-
muscle
rhabd/o-
rod-shaped (striated)
rhabdomy/o-
rod-shaped (striated) muscle
carp/o-
carpus (wrist bone)
clavicul/o-
clavicle (collar bone)
dactyl/o-
fingers; toes
humer/o-
humerus (upper arm bone)
metacarp/o-
metacarpus (hand bones)
phalang/o-
phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
spondyl/o-
vertebrae (backbone)
calcane/o-
calcaneum (heel bone)
femor/o-
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o-
fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)
ischi/o-
ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)
lumb/o-
loins (lower back)
metatars/o-
metatarsus (foot bones)
patell/o-
patella (kneecap)
pod/o-
foot
pub/o-
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
tibi/o-
tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)
ankyl/o-
stiffness; bent; crooked
fasci/o-
band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
fibr/o-
fiber, fibrous tissue
lamin/o-
lamina (part of vertebral arch)
lord/o-
curve, swayback
kyph/o-
humpback
myel/o-
bone marrow; spinal cord
scoli/o-
crooked, bent
synov/o-
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
ten/o-
tendon
tend/o-
tendon
tendin/o-
tendon
-asthenia
suffix: weakness, disability
-clasia
suffix: to break; surgical fracture
-clast
suffix: to break; surgical fracture
-desis
suffix: binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)
-malacia
suffix: softening
-porosis
suffix: porous
-sarcoma
suffix: malignant tumor of connective tissue
syn-
prefix: union, together, joined
granul/o-
granular, granules
thym/o-
thymus; mind, soul, or emotion
What does HIV stand for?
human immunodeficiency virus
What does Ig stand for?
immunoglobulin
What doe EBV stand for?
Epstein-Barr virus
What do Hb, and Hgb stand for?
hemoglobin
