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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic System, and Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Blood, Lymphatic System, and Immune System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is Hematology?

A

Hematology is the healthcare specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the blood through tests, procedures, and drugs

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2
Q

What is Hematopoiesis?

A

Hematopoiesis is the process of the formation of all formed elements in the blood and the body

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3
Q

What is Immunology?

A

Immunology is the healthcare specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system through tests, procedures, and drugs

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4
Q

What does the Lymphatic System consist of?

A

The Lymphatic System consists of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph fluid, the spleen, and the thymas

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5
Q

What does the Lymphatic System form?

A

Forms a pathway of lymphatic vessels and nodes throughout the body

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6
Q

The Lymphatic System defends the body against what?

A

Defends the body against invading microorganisms and cancerous cells

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7
Q

What are the two particular types of blood cells The Lymphatic System share?

A

Shares two particular types of blood cells known as lymphocytes and macrophages (white blood cells)

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8
Q

What are macrophages and lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells

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9
Q

What happens to immature leukocytes?

A

immature leukocytes are released into the blood and travel to the thymus

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10
Q

What does the spleen serve as?

A

the spleen serves as a storage area for reserve supplies of blood

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11
Q

What does the spleen break down and recycle?

A

The spleen breaks down and recycles old erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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12
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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13
Q

What portion is plasma in the blood?

A

Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood

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14
Q

What does plasma look like? And how much does it make up?

A

-clear, straw-colored liquid
-makes up 55% of the total volume of blood

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15
Q

What is the most numerous type of blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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16
Q

What do Erythrocytes look like?

A

round, somewhat flattened, red disks

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17
Q

What makes Erythrocytes unique?

A

they have no cell nucleus when they mature

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18
Q

What do Erythrocytes do?

A

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to and from the lungs and each cell in the body

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19
Q

What do Erythrocytes contain?

A

Erythrocytes contain Hemoglobin

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20
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

a red iron-containing molecule

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21
Q

What does hemoglobin do? and where does it take place?

A

-bind to oxygen molecules to form Oxyhemoglobin
-formation takes place in the red marrow of the bones

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22
Q

What are very immature cells known as?

A

Very immature cells are known as stem cells

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23
Q

What do mature stem cells become?

A

mature stem cells become erythroblasts and then a normoblast

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24
Q

What is something erythrocytes cannot do?

A

cannot divide or repair themselves

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25
Q

How long do Erythrocytes have until they deteriorate?

A

last only 120 days before they begin to deteriorate

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26
Q

What do specialized cells break down their molecules into?

A

Specialized cells (macrophages) break down their hemoglobin molecules into globins and heme

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27
Q

What are specialized cells?

A

macrophages

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28
Q

What are Heme molecules converted to?

A

Heme molecules are converted to bilirubin

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29
Q

What role does Bilirubin play?

A

Bilirubin plays an important role as an antioxidant

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30
Q

What does Bilirubin protect the body cells against?

A

Bilirubin protects body cells from damage by free radicals

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31
Q

How many kinds of cells do Leukocytes have?

A

5 different kinds of cells
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-lymphocytes
-monocytes

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32
Q

How do Leukocytes get identified?

A

Can be identified based on the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of the nucleus

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33
Q

What do Leukocytes with large granules in their cytoplasm and segmented nucleus categorized as?

A

granulocytes

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34
Q

What do Granulocytes include

A

-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

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35
Q

-phil

A

suffix: attraction to

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36
Q

What is the most common type of leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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37
Q

What is the percentage of Neutrophils in the blood?

A

40-60% in the blood

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38
Q

What are Neutrophils categorized as?

A

Categorized as granulocytes

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39
Q

What do Neutrophils have a lot of?

A

Have many lobes

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40
Q

What are Neutrophils known as?

A

known as polymorphonucleated leukocytes (PMN) or poly

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41
Q

Where do Neutrophils develop?

A

develop in the red marrow

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42
Q

What does CBC mean?

A

complete blood count

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43
Q

What would cause a higher count of Neutrophils in the CBC?

A

Most likely would be a higher count in the CBC if a patient is fighting a bacterial infection

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44
Q

Why are Neutrophils part of the immune response of the lymphatic system?

A

because they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria

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45
Q

How long do Neutrophils live if they are actively destroying bacteria?

A

Live for a few days or hours

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46
Q

What are the 2 least common leukocytes?

A

-Eosinophils
-Basophils

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47
Q

What are Eosinophils categorized as?

A

categorized as granulocytes

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48
Q

What are Basophils categorized as?

A

categorized as granulocytes

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49
Q

Where do Eosinophils develop?

A

develop in the red marrow

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50
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Engulf and destroy foreign cells (pollen, and animal dander)

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51
Q

What do Eosinophils release?

A

Release toxic chemicals that kill parasites that invade the body

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52
Q

What are Eosinophils involved in?

A

involved in allergen triggers as a localized reaction

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53
Q

How many lobes does the nucleus of a basophil have?

A

2 lobes

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54
Q

Where do basophils develop?

A

develop in red marrow

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55
Q

What does basophil release?

A

-Release histamine at the site of tissue damage
-release heparin

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56
Q

What is heparin?

A

an anticoagulant

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57
Q

What is the second most common leukocyte?

A

Lymphocytes

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58
Q

What are lymphocytes categorized as? Why?

A

-categorized as agranulocytes
-because the granules in their cytoplasm are nearly invisible

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59
Q

How long do Lymphocytes live?

A

Some live for a few days or many years

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60
Q

Where do lymphocytes begin their development?

A

begin their development in the red marrow

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61
Q

Where are lymphocytes present?

A

-blood
-lymph nodes
-lymphoid tissue
-organs of the lymphatic system

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62
Q

What is the largest but one of the least common leukocytes in the blood?

A

Monocytes

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63
Q

Why are Monocytes categorized as? Why?

A

categorized as agranulocytes because the granules in their cytoplasm are nearly invisible

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64
Q

What do Monocytes have a large amount of?

A

have a large amount of cytoplasm

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65
Q

What are the monocytes nucleus shaped as?

A

kidney beans

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66
Q

Where do Monocytes develop?

A

develop in the red marrow

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67
Q

What are monocytes?

A

phagocytes

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68
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

engulf and destroy all types of invading microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead leukocytes, and cellular debris

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69
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

Found in the blood and in the lymph nodes of the lymphatic system

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70
Q

Why are Thrombocytes different from other blood cells?

A

Because they are only cell fragments

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71
Q

What is another name for thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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72
Q

What is another name for thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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73
Q

Where do thrombocytes go when they begin? and what do they become after?

A

-begin in the red marrow as stem cells
-then become megakaryoblasts

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74
Q

What does the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes’ do?

A

constantly breaks away at the edge to form the cell fragments that are released into the blood

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75
Q

What are other substances in the plasma?

A

-Electrolytes
-Albumin
(There are more these are the highlighted ones on the notes)

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76
Q

What are examples electrolytes?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, And Bicarbonate

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77
Q

What is the most abundant protein dissolved in the blood?

A

Albumin

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78
Q

What does Albumin do?

A

Prevents too much water from escaping into tissue during inflammatory reactions

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79
Q

What are the blood types called?

A
  • A
  • B
  • AB
  • O
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80
Q

AB blood is a:

A

Universal recipient

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81
Q

What type O is blood known as? Why

A
  • known as the universal donor
  • because it can be given to patients with any other blood type without causing a reaction
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82
Q

How many antigens does the Rh blood group have?

A

47 antigens

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83
Q

When is Rh positive?

A

positive when antigens are present on erythrocytes

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84
Q

When is RH negative?

A

Negative when antigens are not present on erythrocytes

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85
Q

Where is RH carried?

A

Carried in the red blood cells

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86
Q

How is our blood type determined?

A

Through RHs’ genetic material that is carried in the red blood cells

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87
Q

What are blood groups named for?

A

For their respective antigens

88
Q

What are antigens?

A

protein molecules

89
Q

Where are antigens located?

A

located on the red blood cells’ cell membrane

90
Q

Physiology of Blood Clotting:

A
  • Platelet
  • Coagutation
  • Hemostasis
  • Serum
91
Q

What is Hemostasis?

A

The process of coagulation and the stopping of breathing

92
Q

What causes Serum?

A

when clotting factors in the plasma are activated to form a blood clot this fluid portion of the plasma that remains is known as serum

93
Q

What happens during Platelet aggregation?

A

blood vessels constrict to decrease the loss of blood

94
Q

What happens to Thrombocytes during Platelet aggregation?

A

Thrombocytes stick to damaged vessel walls and form clumps that slow blood flow

95
Q

What is activated during coagulation?

A

Prothrombin is a clotting factor activated

96
Q

Why is Prothrombin activated during coagulation?

A

Activated to help in the formation of a thrombus or clot

97
Q

What are Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph similar to?

A

Similar IN STRUCTURE to blood vessels, but with several important differences

98
Q

How and where do Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph begin as?

A

Begin as tiny lymphatic capillaries in the tissues

99
Q

Lymphatic capillaries’ have large what?

A

Large openings in their walls that allow microorganisms and cancerous cells to enter

100
Q

What happens to Lymphatic capillaries?

A

Lymphatic capillaries become larger lymphatic vessels that bring lymph to the lymph nodes

101
Q

Describe Lymph nodes:

A

Small, encapsulated structures that filter the skin

102
Q

What do Lymph Nodes do?

A

Destroy any microorganisms or cancerous cells that are present

103
Q

Where are Lymph Nodes linked in?

A

Linked in chains in areas where there is a high risk of invasion by microorganisms or cancerous cells

104
Q

What do Lymphoid Tissues contain?

A

Contains lymphocytes that are active in the immune system
- Tonsils
-Adenoids
- Appendix

105
Q

What are Lymphoid Organs?

A
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
106
Q

Where is the Thymus located?

A

Located within the mediastinum posterior to the sternum

107
Q

What does the Thymus receive?

A

Receives lymphoblasts that migrate from the red marrow and help them mature into T-Cells

108
Q

Why is the Thymus part of the endocrine system?

A

because it secretes hormones

109
Q

Where is the Spleen located and positioned?

A
  • Posterior to the stomach
  • Lefter Upper Quadrant of abdomen
110
Q

Where does the spleen function at?

A

functions as part of the blood and as part of the immune response of the lymphatic system

111
Q

The spleen acts like a storage area for what?

A

acts as a storage area for whole blood

112
Q

What does the spleen secrete and what does it cause?

A

secretes epinephrine that causes the spleen to contract and release its stored blood in the circulatory system

113
Q

what are pathogens?

A

invaders of the body!

114
Q

How does the Immune Response function?

A
  • Detects and destroys invading microorganisms and cancerous cells that arise internally
  • Begins with the detection of invading microorganisms known as pathogens
115
Q

pro-

A

prefix: before

116
Q

-lysis

A

process to breakdown; process to destroy

117
Q

bas/o-

A

base of a structure; basic (alkaline)

118
Q

-phil

A

suffix: attraction to; fondness for

119
Q

plasm/o-

A

plasma

120
Q

apher/o-

A

withdrawal

121
Q

-esis

A

suffix: condition; abnormal condition; process

122
Q

phor/o-

A

to bear; to carry; range

123
Q

erythr/o-

A

red

124
Q

-poietin

A

suffix: a substance that forms

125
Q

-blast

A

suffix: immature cell

126
Q

-lyte

A

suffix: dissolved substance

127
Q

immun/o-

A

immune response

128
Q

suppress/o-

A

press down

129
Q

-ant

A

suffix: pertaining to

130
Q

fus/o-

A

pouring

131
Q

-penia

A

suffix: condition of deficiency

132
Q

plast/o-

A

growth; formation

133
Q

opportun/o-

A

well timed; taking advantage of an opportunity

134
Q

-crit

A

suffix: separation of

135
Q

-stasis

A

suffix: condition of standing still; staying in one place

136
Q

meg/a-

A

large

137
Q

kary/o-

A

nucleus

138
Q

inhibit/o-

A

cut back

139
Q

agglutin/o-

A

clumping

140
Q

anis/o-

A

unequal

141
Q

attenu/o-

A

weakened

142
Q

poikil/o-

A

irregular

143
Q

heter/o-

A

other

144
Q

What is the medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of blood?

A

hematology

145
Q

What are the microorganisms that cause diseases known as?

A

pathogens

146
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

the failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient numbers of erythrocytes

147
Q

What is thrombocythemia?

A

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis as a result of platelet malformations

148
Q

What is the blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample?

A

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

149
Q

what does WBC mean?

A

white blood cells

150
Q

What is the abbreviation that refers to leukocytes

A

WBC

151
Q

what is the process by which all blood cells are formed in the bone marrow?

A

Hematopoiesis

152
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

an inherited abnormality that causes a deficiency of a specific clotting factor resulting in a reduced ability to clot blood

153
Q

sider/o-

A

iron

154
Q

What category do Neutrophils belong to?

A

Neutrophils belong to a category of leukocytes that have large granules in cytoplasm

155
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

bleeding; the release of blood from a broken blood vessel, either inside or outside the body

156
Q

What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?

A

AIDS; the late stage of the HIV infection

157
Q

What is Leukemia?

A

Blood cancer

158
Q

What is mononucleosis?

A

Mono

159
Q

What does the abbreviation DVT stand for?

A

Deep venous thrombosis

160
Q

What is deep venous thrombosis?

A

a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the lower leg

161
Q

What is Hemophilia? And who passes it?

A

A genetic disease passed on by a mother carrying the gene

162
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Cancer of the lymphatic system

163
Q

Blood type is a:

A

test to determine the blood type and Rh factor of the patient

164
Q

What does Complete blood count (CBC) with differential do?

A

determines the number, type, and characteristics of carious cells in the blood

165
Q

What type of test is ELISA?

A

Serum tests

166
Q

What is ELISA?

A

a screening test for antibodies against HIV

167
Q

What does the MonoSpot test do?

A

test for infectious mononucleosis

168
Q

What is Phlebotomy?

A

drawing a sample of venous blood into a vacuum tube

169
Q

What is an Autologous Blood Transfusion?

A

a blood transfusion when the patients donate their own blood in advance so they can receive it during surgery

170
Q

What is a drug that affects coagulation?

A

Thrombolytic enzymes

171
Q

leiomy/o-

A

smooth (visceral) muscle

172
Q

muscl/o-

A

muscle

173
Q

rhabd/o-

A

rod-shaped (striated)

174
Q

rhabdomy/o-

A

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

175
Q

carp/o-

A

carpus (wrist bone)

176
Q

clavicul/o-

A

clavicle (collar bone)

177
Q

dactyl/o-

A

fingers; toes

178
Q

humer/o-

A

humerus (upper arm bone)

179
Q

metacarp/o-

A

metacarpus (hand bones)

180
Q

phalang/o-

A

phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)

181
Q

spondyl/o-

A

vertebrae (backbone)

182
Q

calcane/o-

A

calcaneum (heel bone)

183
Q

femor/o-

A

femur (thigh bone)

184
Q

fibul/o-

A

fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)

185
Q

ischi/o-

A

ischium (lower portion of the hip bone)

186
Q

lumb/o-

A

loins (lower back)

187
Q

metatars/o-

A

metatarsus (foot bones)

188
Q

patell/o-

A

patella (kneecap)

189
Q

pod/o-

A

foot

190
Q

pub/o-

A

pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)

191
Q

tibi/o-

A

tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)

192
Q

ankyl/o-

A

stiffness; bent; crooked

193
Q

fasci/o-

A

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

194
Q

fibr/o-

A

fiber, fibrous tissue

195
Q

lamin/o-

A

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

196
Q

lord/o-

A

curve, swayback

197
Q

kyph/o-

A

humpback

198
Q

myel/o-

A

bone marrow; spinal cord

199
Q

scoli/o-

A

crooked, bent

200
Q

synov/o-

A

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

201
Q

ten/o-

A

tendon

202
Q

tend/o-

A

tendon

203
Q

tendin/o-

A

tendon

204
Q

-asthenia

A

suffix: weakness, disability

205
Q

-clasia

A

suffix: to break; surgical fracture

206
Q

-clast

A

suffix: to break; surgical fracture

207
Q

-desis

A

suffix: binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

208
Q

-malacia

A

suffix: softening

209
Q

-porosis

A

suffix: porous

210
Q

-sarcoma

A

suffix: malignant tumor of connective tissue

211
Q

syn-

A

prefix: union, together, joined

212
Q

granul/o-

A

granular, granules

213
Q

thym/o-

A

thymus; mind, soul, or emotion

214
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

human immunodeficiency virus

215
Q

What does Ig stand for?

A

immunoglobulin

216
Q

What doe EBV stand for?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

217
Q

What do Hb, and Hgb stand for?

A

hemoglobin

Medical Terminology (6 decks)

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