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Medical Terminology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what causes encephalitis?

A

If a virus causes a patient to have an infection in their cerebral issue (inflammation of the brain)

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2
Q

what is hematoma?

A

localized mass of blood within the cranium, accumulating because of a ruptured blood vessel

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3
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

the largest part of the brain

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4
Q

what is a concussion?

A

head trauma resulting in a loss of consciousness

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5
Q

what is medulla oblongata?

A

structure joins the pons to the spinal cord

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6
Q

what is a coma?

A

an abnormally deep unconsciousness with the absence of voluntary response to stimuli

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7
Q

what is hydrocephalus?

A

a diagnosis that describes too much CSF failing to be reabsorbed

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8
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

part of the brain that that monitors muscle tone, body position and adjusts movement

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9
Q

what is paraplegia?

A

paralysis from the waist down

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10
Q

what is quadriplegic?

A

paralysis from the cervical region down

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11
Q

what is a neuron?

A

an individual nerve cell, the functioning unit of the nervous system

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12
Q

what are ventricles?

A

four hollow chambers within the brain

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13
Q

what is MS?

A

Chronic, progressive, autoimmune disease that demyelinates the nerves.

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14
Q

what is syncope?

A

fainting

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15
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

part of the brain that acts as a relay station, sending sensory nerve impulses like pain and touch from the body to the cerebrum

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16
Q

what is dementia?

A

brain disease with initial symptoms of forgetfulness and an inability to learn new things

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17
Q

what is neuropathy?

A

general term for any disease affecting a nerve or nervous tissue

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18
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

part of the brain that controls hear rate, blood pressure, and sensations of hunger or thirst

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19
Q

what is aphasia?

A

inability to communicate verbally or in writing

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20
Q

what is an axon?

A

the cell body of a neuron sends an electrical impulse down this structure

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21
Q

infarct/o-

A

area of dead tissue

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22
Q

-glia

A

suffix: cells that provide support

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23
Q

dendr/o-

A

branching structure

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24
Q

pleg/o-

A

paralysis

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25
Q

cav/o-

A

hollow space

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26
Q

tract/o-

A

pulling

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27
Q

syncop/o-

A

fainting

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28
Q

sen/o-

A

old age

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29
Q

lex/o-

A

word

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30
Q

mal-

A

prefix: bad; inadequate

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31
Q

gemin/o-

A

set or group

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32
Q

caus/o-

A

burning

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33
Q

-cele

A

suffix: hernia

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34
Q

pathet/o-

A

suffering

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35
Q

nuch/o-

A

neck

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36
Q

phas/o-

A

speech

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37
Q

alg/o-

A

pain

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38
Q

-ia

A

suffix: condition; state; thing

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39
Q

intra-

A

prefix: within

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40
Q

somn/o-

A

sleep

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41
Q

-graphy

A

prefix: process of recording

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42
Q

-omatosis

A

abnormal condition of tumors or masses

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43
Q

convuls/o-

A

seizure

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44
Q

-ant

A

suffix: pertaining to

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45
Q

troph/o-

A

development

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46
Q

radicul/o-

A

spinal nerve root

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47
Q

-ile

A

suffix: pertaining to

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48
Q

format/o-

A

structure; arrangement

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49
Q

ict/o-

A

seizure

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50
Q

effer/o-

A

go out from the center

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51
Q

-ent

A

suffix: pertaining to

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52
Q

astrocyte is one type of what?

A

neuroglia

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53
Q

what are the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord?

A

meninges

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54
Q

what is the posterior, smaller part of the brain?

A

cerebellum

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55
Q

what is the relay station between the body and cerebrum?

A

thalamus

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56
Q

what are ventricles?

A

hollow chambers within the brain

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57
Q

what is a neuron?

A

individual nerve cell

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58
Q

what connects the brain hemispheres?

A

corpus callosum

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59
Q

what is gyri?

A

folds of the cerebrum

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60
Q

what are cranial nerves?

A

nerves that originate in the brain

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61
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

largest part of the brain

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62
Q

concuss/o-

A

violent shaking or jarring

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63
Q

what is the lobe of the brain that originates conscious thought and intelligence

A

frontal lobes

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64
Q

what is the lobe of the brain that analyzes sensory information about vision

A

occipital lobes

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65
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

regulates body temperature and sensations of hunger and thirst

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66
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

receives information about muscle tone and proprioception in order to maintain balance

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67
Q

what does the optic nerve do?

A

receives sensory information about light, dark, and colors

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68
Q

what does the facial nerve do?

A

received information about taste and moves the facial muscles

69
Q

what is the parasympathetic system?

A

the “rest and digest” division of the autonomic nervous system

70
Q

what is acetylcholine?

A

neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system

71
Q

what is gyrus?

A

one of the many elevated folds on the surface of the cerebrum

72
Q

what is expressive aphasia?

A

the inability to verbally express thoughts

73
Q

what is cerebrovascular accident?

A

disruption of blockage of blood flow to the brain. also known as a stroke

74
Q

what is a concussion?

A

traumatic injury to the brain with immediate loss of consciousness

75
Q

what is Bell’s palsy?

A

weakness, drooping, or actual paralysis of one side of the face

76
Q

what is another name for herniates nucleus pulposus?

A

slipped disk

77
Q

what is neuritis?

A

inflammation or infection of a nerve

78
Q

what is a MRI?

A

procedure that uses a magnetic fields and radiowaves to create an image

79
Q

what is an EEG?

A

procedure to record the brain’s electrical activity

80
Q

what is a polysomnography?

A

procedure also known as a sleep study

81
Q

what is hemiplegia?

A

paralysis on one side of the body

82
Q

type of brain tumor that may be benign or malignant

A

glioma

83
Q

ependym/o-

A

cellular lining

84
Q

what are endorphins?

A

neural pain reliever produced by the brain

85
Q

gustat/o-

A

sense of taste

86
Q

thin, delicate membrane next to the brain

A

pia mater

87
Q

also known as the auditory nerve

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

88
Q

cells that engulf and destroy dead tissue and pathogens

A

microglia

89
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for analysis of sensory information about touch, temperature, vibration, and pain?

A

parietal lobe

90
Q

which lobe of the brain exerts conscious, voluntary control over the skeletal muscle?

A

frontal lobe

91
Q

rhiz/o-

A

spinal nerve root

92
Q

nerves that carry motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord or brain to the body

A

efferent nerves

93
Q

what is the innermost layer of the meninges?

A

pia mater

94
Q

which cranial nerve sends motor commands to the extraocular muscles of the eye?

A

abducens (VI)

95
Q

which cranial nerve sends motor commands to move the tongue?

A

hypoglossal (XII)

96
Q

which type of neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? (CSF)

A

ependymal cells

97
Q

what is lymphoma?

A

a type of malignant brain tumor originating from the microglia in the cerebrum?

98
Q

what is Huntington’s chorea?

A

Progressive inherited degenerative disease of the brain that begins in middle age, with dementia with spasms of the extremities and face, alternating with slow writhing movements of the hands and feet.

99
Q

type of procedure used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for testing

A

lumbar puncture (LP)

100
Q

procedure that can show decreased areas of metabolism in the brain and diagnose Alzheimer’s disease

A

PET scan

101
Q

what is neurology?

A

the healthcare specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat nervous system diseases

102
Q

why is the nervous system also known as the neuromuscular system?

A

because many nerve impulses initiate muscular movements

103
Q

what is the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

104
Q

what does CNS stand for?

A

central nervous system

105
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves

106
Q

what is the largest part of the brain?

A

the cerebrum

107
Q

where is the brain housed with?

A

housed within the bony cranium

108
Q

what does the brain fill?

A

fills the cranial cavity

109
Q

what are the other parts of the brain

A

-Centrally located ventricles
-Thalamus and hypothalamus
- Inferior structures of the brainstem
-Posterior cerebellum

110
Q

what is the brain and spinal cord surrounded by?

A

surrounded by 3 separate membrane layers collectively known as the meninges

111
Q

what are the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord?

A

-Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater

112
Q

what is the cerebrum divided into?

A

Divided into right and left hemispheres

113
Q

what is each cerebral hemisphere divided into?

A

divided into large sections known as lobes

114
Q

how are the lobes separated from each other?

A

Lobes are separated from each other by large, deep sulci

115
Q

what is each lobe named for?

A

Each lobe is named for the bone of the cranium that lies next to it

116
Q

what are ventricles?

A

four hollow chambers in the brain

117
Q

what do the ventricles contain?

A

Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear colorless fluid
glucose
other nutrients

118
Q

what does the CSF protect?

A

protects the brain

119
Q

where is the thalamus located?

A

located near the center of the cerebrum

120
Q

what does the thalamus act as?

A

Acts as a relay station, sending sensory nerve impulses from the body to the cerebrum

121
Q

what is the thalamus part of and what does it deal with?

A

Part of the limbic system of the cerebrum that deals with emotions

122
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

Coordinates the activities of the pons and medulla oblongata that control the heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate

123
Q

what is another thing the hypothalamus does?

A

Regulates body temperature, sensations of hunger and thirst, and the circadian (24-hour) rhythm of the body

124
Q

what is the brainstem?

A

a column of tissue

125
Q

what is the brainstem composed of?

A

composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

126
Q

what is the midbrain and what does it do?

A

The midbrain is the most superior part; it keeps the mind conscious

127
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

The medulla oblongata relays nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum

128
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

Monitors muscle tone and body position and adjusts movements of the body that are initiated by other parts of the brain

129
Q

what layer is the dura mater?

A

the outermost layer

130
Q

what layer is arachnoid?

A

the second layer

131
Q

what is the pia mater?

A

the third layer

132
Q

what are cranial nerves part of?

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system

133
Q

what do the cranial nerves do?

A
  • Carry sensory information from the body to the brain
  • Carry sensory information from the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth to the brain
  • Carry motor commands from brain to muscles in face, head, neck, and glands
134
Q

what is the spinal cord part of?

A

Part of the central nervous system

135
Q

describe the spinal cord:

A

A long, narrow column of nerve tissue within the spinal cavity or spinal canal

136
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by?

A

Protected by the vertebrae

137
Q

what are the spinal nerves part of?

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system

138
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves originate at intervals along the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

139
Q

what are nerves?

A

nerves are bundles of individual nerve cells

140
Q

what does neuroglia help?

A

help neurons perform specialized tasks

141
Q

what are neurons to the nervous system?

A

The neurons are the functional units of the nervous system

142
Q

how many parts can the autonomic nervous system be broken down into?

A

Can be broken down into 2 parts

143
Q

what are the 2 parts the autonomic nervous system breaks down into?

A

-Parasympathetic nervous system
-Sympathetic nervous system

144
Q

when is the parasympathetic nervous active?

A

Active while the body is sleeping

145
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system produce?

A

Produces peristalsis

146
Q

what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System raise and lower?

A

raises or lowers heart rate

147
Q

what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System change?

A

changes the diameter of the pupils

148
Q

what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System stimulte?

A

stimulates salivary glands

149
Q

what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System prepare?

A

prepares the body sexual activity

150
Q

when is the Sympathetic Nervous System active?

A

Active when the body is confronted with danger or during times of stress or anxiety

151
Q

what does the Sympathetic Nervous System prepare?

A

prepares the body for “fight or flight”

152
Q

what does the Sympathetic Nervous System dilate?

A

dilates the pupils to visualize danger

153
Q

what does the Sympathetic Nervous System raise?

A

raises the heart rate and blood pressure

154
Q

what are the three parts every neuron consists of?

A
  • Dendrites
  • Cell body
  • Axon
155
Q

what are dendrites?

A

Multiple branches at the beginning of a neuron

156
Q

what do dendrites receive?

A

receive a neurotransmitter from the previous neuron, convert it to an electrical impulse, and send it to the cell body

157
Q

what does the cell body contain?

A

Contains the nucleus that directs cellular activities, produces neurotransmitters, and provides energy for the cell

158
Q

what does the cell body send?

A

Sends the electrical impulses to the axon

159
Q

what is an axon?

A

A single, elongated branch at the end of the neuron

160
Q

what is the axon covered by?

A

covered by a fatty, white, insulating layer of myelin that keeps the electrical impulse intact as it travels

161
Q

what is aphasia?

A

loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing

162
Q

what is cephalalgia?

A

pain in the head or a headache

163
Q

what is cerebral palsy caused by? (CP)

A

caused by a lack of oxygen to parts of the baby’s brain during birth

164
Q

what is a cerebrovascular accident? (CVA)

A

idsruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain

165
Q

what does CVA cause?

A

causes tissue death and an area of necrosis known as an infarct

166
Q

what is a coma?

A

deep state of unconsciousness and unresponsiveness caused by trauma or disease in the brain, metabolic imbalance, or deficiency of sugar in the blood

167
Q

what is a concussion? (notes)

A

traumatic injury to the brain that results in the immediate loss of consciousness for a brief period of time

168
Q

what is dementia? (notes)

A

disease of the brain in which many neurons in the cerebrum die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and there is progressive deterioration in mental function

169
Q

what is dyslexia?

A

difficulty reading and writing words even though visual acuity and intelligence are normal

Medical Terminology (6 decks)

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