Chapter 15 Flashcards
what causes encephalitis?
If a virus causes a patient to have an infection in their cerebral issue (inflammation of the brain)
what is hematoma?
localized mass of blood within the cranium, accumulating because of a ruptured blood vessel
what is the cerebrum?
the largest part of the brain
what is a concussion?
head trauma resulting in a loss of consciousness
what is medulla oblongata?
structure joins the pons to the spinal cord
what is a coma?
an abnormally deep unconsciousness with the absence of voluntary response to stimuli
what is hydrocephalus?
a diagnosis that describes too much CSF failing to be reabsorbed
what is the cerebellum?
part of the brain that that monitors muscle tone, body position and adjusts movement
what is paraplegia?
paralysis from the waist down
what is quadriplegic?
paralysis from the cervical region down
what is a neuron?
an individual nerve cell, the functioning unit of the nervous system
what are ventricles?
four hollow chambers within the brain
what is MS?
Chronic, progressive, autoimmune disease that demyelinates the nerves.
what is syncope?
fainting
what is the thalamus?
part of the brain that acts as a relay station, sending sensory nerve impulses like pain and touch from the body to the cerebrum
what is dementia?
brain disease with initial symptoms of forgetfulness and an inability to learn new things
what is neuropathy?
general term for any disease affecting a nerve or nervous tissue
what is the hypothalamus?
part of the brain that controls hear rate, blood pressure, and sensations of hunger or thirst
what is aphasia?
inability to communicate verbally or in writing
what is an axon?
the cell body of a neuron sends an electrical impulse down this structure
infarct/o-
area of dead tissue
-glia
suffix: cells that provide support
dendr/o-
branching structure
pleg/o-
paralysis
cav/o-
hollow space
tract/o-
pulling
syncop/o-
fainting
sen/o-
old age
lex/o-
word
mal-
prefix: bad; inadequate
gemin/o-
set or group
caus/o-
burning
-cele
suffix: hernia
pathet/o-
suffering
nuch/o-
neck
phas/o-
speech
alg/o-
pain
-ia
suffix: condition; state; thing
intra-
prefix: within
somn/o-
sleep
-graphy
prefix: process of recording
-omatosis
abnormal condition of tumors or masses
convuls/o-
seizure
-ant
suffix: pertaining to
troph/o-
development
radicul/o-
spinal nerve root
-ile
suffix: pertaining to
format/o-
structure; arrangement
ict/o-
seizure
effer/o-
go out from the center
-ent
suffix: pertaining to
astrocyte is one type of what?
neuroglia
what are the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord?
meninges
what is the posterior, smaller part of the brain?
cerebellum
what is the relay station between the body and cerebrum?
thalamus
what are ventricles?
hollow chambers within the brain
what is a neuron?
individual nerve cell
what connects the brain hemispheres?
corpus callosum
what is gyri?
folds of the cerebrum
what are cranial nerves?
nerves that originate in the brain
what is the cerebrum?
largest part of the brain
concuss/o-
violent shaking or jarring
what is the lobe of the brain that originates conscious thought and intelligence
frontal lobes
what is the lobe of the brain that analyzes sensory information about vision
occipital lobes
what does the hypothalamus do?
regulates body temperature and sensations of hunger and thirst
what does the cerebellum do?
receives information about muscle tone and proprioception in order to maintain balance
what does the optic nerve do?
receives sensory information about light, dark, and colors
what does the facial nerve do?
received information about taste and moves the facial muscles
what is the parasympathetic system?
the “rest and digest” division of the autonomic nervous system
what is acetylcholine?
neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system
what is gyrus?
one of the many elevated folds on the surface of the cerebrum
what is expressive aphasia?
the inability to verbally express thoughts
what is cerebrovascular accident?
disruption of blockage of blood flow to the brain. also known as a stroke
what is a concussion?
traumatic injury to the brain with immediate loss of consciousness
what is Bell’s palsy?
weakness, drooping, or actual paralysis of one side of the face
what is another name for herniates nucleus pulposus?
slipped disk
what is neuritis?
inflammation or infection of a nerve
what is a MRI?
procedure that uses a magnetic fields and radiowaves to create an image
what is an EEG?
procedure to record the brain’s electrical activity
what is a polysomnography?
procedure also known as a sleep study
what is hemiplegia?
paralysis on one side of the body
type of brain tumor that may be benign or malignant
glioma
ependym/o-
cellular lining
what are endorphins?
neural pain reliever produced by the brain
gustat/o-
sense of taste
thin, delicate membrane next to the brain
pia mater
also known as the auditory nerve
vestibulocochlear nerve
cells that engulf and destroy dead tissue and pathogens
microglia
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for analysis of sensory information about touch, temperature, vibration, and pain?
parietal lobe
which lobe of the brain exerts conscious, voluntary control over the skeletal muscle?
frontal lobe
rhiz/o-
spinal nerve root
nerves that carry motor nerve impulses from the spinal cord or brain to the body
efferent nerves
what is the innermost layer of the meninges?
pia mater
which cranial nerve sends motor commands to the extraocular muscles of the eye?
abducens (VI)
which cranial nerve sends motor commands to move the tongue?
hypoglossal (XII)
which type of neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? (CSF)
ependymal cells
what is lymphoma?
a type of malignant brain tumor originating from the microglia in the cerebrum?
what is Huntington’s chorea?
Progressive inherited degenerative disease of the brain that begins in middle age, with dementia with spasms of the extremities and face, alternating with slow writhing movements of the hands and feet.
type of procedure used to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for testing
lumbar puncture (LP)
procedure that can show decreased areas of metabolism in the brain and diagnose Alzheimer’s disease
PET scan
what is neurology?
the healthcare specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat nervous system diseases
why is the nervous system also known as the neuromuscular system?
because many nerve impulses initiate muscular movements
what is the central nervous system consist of?
the brain and spinal cord
what does CNS stand for?
central nervous system
what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
what is the largest part of the brain?
the cerebrum
where is the brain housed with?
housed within the bony cranium
what does the brain fill?
fills the cranial cavity
what are the other parts of the brain
-Centrally located ventricles
-Thalamus and hypothalamus
- Inferior structures of the brainstem
-Posterior cerebellum
what is the brain and spinal cord surrounded by?
surrounded by 3 separate membrane layers collectively known as the meninges
what are the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord?
-Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
what is the cerebrum divided into?
Divided into right and left hemispheres
what is each cerebral hemisphere divided into?
divided into large sections known as lobes
how are the lobes separated from each other?
Lobes are separated from each other by large, deep sulci
what is each lobe named for?
Each lobe is named for the bone of the cranium that lies next to it
what are ventricles?
four hollow chambers in the brain
what do the ventricles contain?
Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear colorless fluid
glucose
other nutrients
what does the CSF protect?
protects the brain
where is the thalamus located?
located near the center of the cerebrum
what does the thalamus act as?
Acts as a relay station, sending sensory nerve impulses from the body to the cerebrum
what is the thalamus part of and what does it deal with?
Part of the limbic system of the cerebrum that deals with emotions
what does the hypothalamus do?
Coordinates the activities of the pons and medulla oblongata that control the heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate
what is another thing the hypothalamus does?
Regulates body temperature, sensations of hunger and thirst, and the circadian (24-hour) rhythm of the body
what is the brainstem?
a column of tissue
what is the brainstem composed of?
composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
what is the midbrain and what does it do?
The midbrain is the most superior part; it keeps the mind conscious
what does the medulla oblongata do?
The medulla oblongata relays nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the cerebellum
what does the cerebellum do?
Monitors muscle tone and body position and adjusts movements of the body that are initiated by other parts of the brain
what layer is the dura mater?
the outermost layer
what layer is arachnoid?
the second layer
what is the pia mater?
the third layer
what are cranial nerves part of?
Part of the peripheral nervous system
what do the cranial nerves do?
- Carry sensory information from the body to the brain
- Carry sensory information from the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth to the brain
- Carry motor commands from brain to muscles in face, head, neck, and glands
what is the spinal cord part of?
Part of the central nervous system
describe the spinal cord:
A long, narrow column of nerve tissue within the spinal cavity or spinal canal
what is the spinal cord protected by?
Protected by the vertebrae
what are the spinal nerves part of?
Part of the peripheral nervous system
how many pairs of spinal nerves originate at intervals along the spinal cord?
31 pairs
what are nerves?
nerves are bundles of individual nerve cells
what does neuroglia help?
help neurons perform specialized tasks
what are neurons to the nervous system?
The neurons are the functional units of the nervous system
how many parts can the autonomic nervous system be broken down into?
Can be broken down into 2 parts
what are the 2 parts the autonomic nervous system breaks down into?
-Parasympathetic nervous system
-Sympathetic nervous system
when is the parasympathetic nervous active?
Active while the body is sleeping
what does the parasympathetic nervous system produce?
Produces peristalsis
what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System raise and lower?
raises or lowers heart rate
what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System change?
changes the diameter of the pupils
what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System stimulte?
stimulates salivary glands
what does the Parasympathetic Nervous System prepare?
prepares the body sexual activity
when is the Sympathetic Nervous System active?
Active when the body is confronted with danger or during times of stress or anxiety
what does the Sympathetic Nervous System prepare?
prepares the body for “fight or flight”
what does the Sympathetic Nervous System dilate?
dilates the pupils to visualize danger
what does the Sympathetic Nervous System raise?
raises the heart rate and blood pressure
what are the three parts every neuron consists of?
- Dendrites
- Cell body
- Axon
what are dendrites?
Multiple branches at the beginning of a neuron
what do dendrites receive?
receive a neurotransmitter from the previous neuron, convert it to an electrical impulse, and send it to the cell body
what does the cell body contain?
Contains the nucleus that directs cellular activities, produces neurotransmitters, and provides energy for the cell
what does the cell body send?
Sends the electrical impulses to the axon
what is an axon?
A single, elongated branch at the end of the neuron
what is the axon covered by?
covered by a fatty, white, insulating layer of myelin that keeps the electrical impulse intact as it travels
what is aphasia?
loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing
what is cephalalgia?
pain in the head or a headache
what is cerebral palsy caused by? (CP)
caused by a lack of oxygen to parts of the baby’s brain during birth
what is a cerebrovascular accident? (CVA)
idsruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain
what does CVA cause?
causes tissue death and an area of necrosis known as an infarct
what is a coma?
deep state of unconsciousness and unresponsiveness caused by trauma or disease in the brain, metabolic imbalance, or deficiency of sugar in the blood
what is a concussion? (notes)
traumatic injury to the brain that results in the immediate loss of consciousness for a brief period of time
what is dementia? (notes)
disease of the brain in which many neurons in the cerebrum die, the cerebral cortex shrinks in size, and there is progressive deterioration in mental function
what is dyslexia?
difficulty reading and writing words even though visual acuity and intelligence are normal
