Chapter 8: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Define cardiovascular system
The system that contains the heart and blood vessels
Define cardiology
The scientific study of the cardiovascular system (heart,blood vessels, and how the blood travels throughout the heart and body)
Cardi/o
Combining form:
Heart
Vascular system
- blood vessels
- The inside (center) of the blood vessels is called lumen. Area where the blood flows
- blood vessels are lined with endothelium. It’s smooth and allows blood to flow freely
Define lumen
Opening of a blood vessel through which blood flows
what do Arteries do and what do they have?
- Carry blood away from the heart to the body and to the lungs
- carries oxygenated blood
- have pulsates/ pulses
What are arterioles?
The smallest branches of an artery
Capillaries:
- The smallest of blood vessels
- the network of capillaries connects the arterioles and venules
- walls are single layer of endothelial cells, thin walls for gas exchange
- have sphincters to regulate blood flow
Veins:
- carry blood from the body and lungs to the heart
- spongy to touch
- The largest veins have valves (one-way) flows only in the direction of the heart
- smallest veins are called venules
What is the myocardium and what does it do, and why is it thicker on the left side of the heart?
- heart muscle
- responds to electrical impulse and causes the heart to contract and send blood to the body and lungs
- because the left ventricle must pump blood into the entire body
What is the Pericardium , and what are the three layers?
- Sac that encloses the heart
- endocardium
- epicardium
-Myocardium
What does the endocardium do and what does it have?
- Lines the four chambers of the heart
- has valves
What is the endocardium?
The outermost layer of the heart
What are valves and what are the 4 valves within the heart?
- Small structures within veins that prevent the back flow of blood
-Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, and aortic valve are within the heart
What are the 2 types of circulation, and what is the order of the flow of blood
- Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
- the order is: deoxygenated blood, right atrium, superior vena cava (blood from the upper body), inferior vena cava (blood from the lower body), tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, oxygenated blood,pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, upper body, and lower body
What are the 4 heart chambers, and what is between them?
- 2 upper atrium and 2 lower ventricles divided by the septum
-Between the chambers are 4 heart valves
Where are the 4 valves located?
-The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle
- pulmonary valve is between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
- mitral valve/Bicuspid valve is between left atrium and left ventricle
- aortic valve is between left ventricle and aorta
What does the tricuspid valve have to its anatomy and what does it do when closed?
-has 3 leaflets to its anatomy
- when closed prevents the blood from flowing back in to the atrium. One-way valves
What do the tricuspid and bicuspid valves have?
- Have chordae tendineae rope-like strands that hold the leaflets to the wall
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
- Contains the lungs (mediastinum)
- contains the great vessels (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries, and veins)
Where is the lung located?
Between the lungs
What is the aorta? And what does it receive?
-Largest artery in the body
- receives oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
What are the pulse points from the artery?
- Carotid artery
- subclavian
- brachial
- axillary
-Femoral
-Popliteal
What is the sa node known as and what does it do?
- The pacemaker of the heart
-Initiates each heart beat
What does the av node do?
- Causes the atria to contract
What causes Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)?
-When the SA node controls the heartbeat in a normal status
Where do the bundle of his relay the impulse to?
Bundle of His relays the impulse down its branches to the Purkinje fibers that extend up the ventricle walls transmitting the impulse causing the ventricles to contract.
What is the contraction phase called
Systole
What is the relaxation phase called?
- Diastole
-Resting period between contractions
What is blood pressure measured with?
- measured with a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope
Where does the cardiovascular sequence begin?
-Begins with deoxygenated blood returning to circulation through the 2 major veins (coming from the systemic circulation)
What is with the right side of the heart?
-Superior vena cava
-Inferior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- pulmonary valve
- pulmonary artery
Where does deoxygenated blood become oxygenated?
Pulmonary circulation
What is with the left side of the heart?
- Pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- mitral valve (bicuspid valve)
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
What is cardiomegaly?
Enlargement of the heart
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
What is arteriosclerosis?
Degenerative disease of the arterial walls causing thickening and brittleness with restricted blood flow
What causes atherosclerosis?
Narrowing of the lumen of the artery wall caused by fatty plaque that can easily break off and cause blockage and clotting causing strokes
What are High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) considered ?
The good cholesterol
What does CAD stand for?
Coronary artery disease
What is coronary artery disease?
Any disease that interferes the ability of the arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
What does MI stand for?
Myocardial infarction
What is a myocardial infraction?
Heart attack
What is endocarditis?
Inflammation and bacterial infection of the heart valves
What is an aneurysm?
A weakness in an artery wall
What does CHF stand for?
Congestive heart failure
What is congestive heart failure?
Chronic condition in which the enlarged heart cannot pump sufficient amounts of oxygenated blood to the body
What does HTN stand for?
Hypertension
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
What is hypotension?
Lower than normal blood pressure
What is syncope?
Fainting
What is thrombosis?
Blood clots in veins or arteries
What drug is used to aid thrombosis?
- Thrombolyptic drug
What does the thrombolyptic drug do?
-Breaks apart clots and restores the circulation in the artery
What does EKG or ECG stand for?
Electrocardiography
Aneurysm/o
Aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
Angi/o
Vessel (usually blood or lymph)
Vascul/o
Vessel (usually blood or lymph)
Aort/o
Aorta
Arteri/o
Artery
Arteriol/o
Arteriole
Atri/o
Atrium
Coron/o
Heart
Electr/o
Electricity
Embol/o
Embolus (plug)
Hemangi/o
Blood vessel
Phleb/o
Vein
Ven/o
Vein
Scler/o
Hardening
Sept/o
Septum
Sphygm/o
Pulse
Sten/o
Narrowing, structure
Thromb/o
Blood clot
Valv/o
Valve
Valvul/o
Valve
Ventricul/o
Ventricle (of the heart or brain)
-Cardia
Suffix: Heart condition
-Stenosis
Suffix: narrowing, structure
What does BP stand for
Blood pressure
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
3 types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, veins
Why do capillaries have sphincters?
To regulate blood flow
What do the network of capillaries connect to?
The arterioles and venules
What are smallest veins called?
Venules
What do the largest veins have? And in what direction do they flow in?
- Have valves (one-way)
- only flow in direction of the heart
