Chapter 14 Flashcards
what is gestational?
term used for type of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy
what is glycogen?
name for the sugar stored in skeletal muscles or in the liver
what is melatonin?
the pineal gland secretes this hormone to maintain the body’s internal sleep clock
what is glucagon?
pancreatic hormone that breaks down sugar stored in the liver and skeletal muscles
what is hypoglycemia?
low glucose level in the blood
what is homeostasis?
the body in a steady state of balance
what gland is the pituitary gland considered?
master gland of the body
what does the thymus do?
secretes the hormones known as thymosins
what causes dwarfism?
hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty
what is gigantism?
hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood and puberty
what does the parathyroid glands do?
regulates the amount of calcium in the blood
what does the hypothalamus make?
ADH and oxytocin are made in this gland
what does the pancreas look like and where is it located?
elongated, triangular, somewhat lumpy gland located posterior to the stomach
what is insulin?
hormone secreted by the pancreas
what does the thyroid do?
regulates metabolism by secretion
what is epinphrine?
hormone of the endocrine system and a neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system
what is goiter?
progressive, chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland
aden/o-
gland
glandul/o-
gland
thyr/o-
thyroid gland
thyroid/o-
thyroid gland
recept/o-
receive
hirsut/o-
hairy
andr/o-
male
-edema
suffix: swelling
viril/o-
masculine
crin/o-
secrete
erg/o-
activity; work
chrom/o-
color
hypophys/o-
pituitary gland
tox/o-
poison
dips/o-
thirst
estr/o-
female
phe/o-
gray
-gen
suffix
somat/o-
body
trop/o-
having an affinity with
what is the primary function of the endocrine system?
produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis
what is homeostasis?
process of the body maintaining a constant internal environment
what are hormones?
chemical messengers
what secretes hormones? and where do they go?
endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
what does the secretion of hormones enable?
enable hormones to reach targeted cells and organs throughout the body
what do endocrine glands produce?
produce hormones
what do the endocrine glands not have?
do not have ducts
how many major glands make up the endocrine system?
13 major glands
what are the 13 major glands of the endocrine system?
o Pituitary gland
o Pineal gland
o Thyroid gland
o Parathyroid glands
o Thymus
o Pancreas
o Adrenal glands
o Gonads
how many lobes is the pituitary gland divided into?
divided into 2 lobes
what is the pineal gland also known as?
also known as the pineal body
how many parathyroid glands are there?
4 glands
how many adrenal glands are there?
2 glands
what do exocrine glands send? and in what form?
send chemical substances in the form of tears, sweat, milk, and saliva
where do the exocrine glands send the chemical substances?
through ducts to the outside of the body
why do exocrine glands send chemical substances outside the body?
because these glands do have ducts that need to secrete sweat, saliva, or other
adren/o-
adrenal gland
what is the thyroid shaped as?
shaped as a butterfly
where does the thyroid gland lie?
lies in the neck on either side of the trachea
what does the thyroid gland secrete?
secretes thyroxine
are parathyroid glands big or small?
small
where are the parathyroid glands located?
posterior side of the thyroid gland
what does the parathyroid gland secrete? and what does it do?
Secretes parathyroid hormone of PTH or parathormone helps regulate calcium in the bones and bloodstream
where are adrenal glands located?
on the top of each kidney
what is the outer portion of the adrenal glands called?
adrenal cortex
what does the adrenal cortex secrete?
cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones
what does cortisol do?
increases blood sugar
what does aldosterone do?
increases reabsorption of sodium by the kidney tubules
what is the adrenal medulla?
the inner section of the adrenal glands
what does the adrenal medulla secrete?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what is the pancreas shaped as?
a feather
where is the pancreas located? what its function?
posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems
what are pancreatic islets?
parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions
what hormone is secreted by the pancreatic islets?
insulin
where is the pituitary gland located?
at the base of the brain in the stella turcica; hypophysis
what is the pituitary known as? what does it control?
master gland; controls several endocrine glands
what does ACTH stand for?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
what does ACTH do?
Stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
what does the posterior pituitary gland do?
stores and releases two hormones synthesized in
the hypothalamus
what does ADH stand for?
Antidiuretic hormone
what does ADH do?
stimulates water reabsorption by kidney tubules; decreases urine
where are the ovaries located?
located in the lower abdominal region of a female
what do the ovaries produce?
Produce female gamete, the ovum, and hormones that regulate menstrual cycle
what do estradiol and progesterone do?
develops and maintains the female’s sex characteristics
where are the testes located?
Two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a
male
what i Thyrotoxicosis also known as?
Grave’s Disease
what is Thyrotoxicosis?
overactivity of the thyroid gland
what is goiter?
enlargement of the thyroid gland
what is hyperthyroidism?
overactive thyroid gland (thyrotoxicosis)
what does hyperthyroidism cause?
Causes exophthalmos
what is exophthalmos?
enlargement and bulging of the eyeballs
what is myxedema?
advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood
what is cretinism?
extreme hypothyroidism during infancy and childhood
what is thyroid carcinoma?
malignant tumor of an endocrine gland in the neck
what is cushing syndrome?
a group of symptoms produced by an excess of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
what is Addison’s disease?
hypo-functioning of the adrenal cortex (under active!!!)
what is Diabetes mellitus
insulin deficiency or resistance leading to hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis
what does DM stand for?
Diabetes mellitus
what is ketoacidosis?
fats are improperly burned, leading to accumulation of ketones in the body
what is acromegaly?
enlargement of extremities caused by excessive growth hormone after puberty
what does DI stand for?
Diabetes insipidus
what is Diabetes insipidus?
insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormone
what does GTT stand for?
Glucose Tolerance Test
what is a Glucose Tolerance Test?
used to diagnose prediabetes and gestational diabetes;
measures levels of sugar in the blood
what is a thyroid scan?
Radioactive compound is given and localized in the thyroid gland
-crine
suffix: to secrete
-dipsia
suffix: thirst
-gen
suffix: producer
what are the two meanings of the abbreviation DI?
diabetes insipidus; diagnostic imaging
what does DM stand for?
diabetes mellitus
what does FSH stand for?
follicle-stimulating hormone
what does GH stand for?
growth hormone
what does LH stand for?
luteinizing hormone
what does PTH stand for?
parathyroid hormone; also called parathormone
what does TFT stand for?
thyroid function test
what does TSH stand for?
thyroid-stimulating hormone
calc/o-
calcium
glycos/-
sugar
