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PSYC 2245 - Social > Chapter 9 - Attraction and Relationships > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Attraction and Relationships Flashcards

Including textbook chapter 9 and lecture PP

1
Q

Social psychologist Arthur Aron argues that a central human motivation is ______?

A

-self expansion

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2
Q

Define self-expansion.

A

-overlapping with another person, accessing their experiences and knowledge

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3
Q

One of the simplest determinants of interpersonal attraction is ___________?

A

-proximity

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4
Q

Define the propinquity effect?

A

-finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

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5
Q

Briefly describe the study conducted in a housing complex for married students at MIT. What was the take away message? (2)

A

-looked at couples friends in an apartment building and found those that were closest tended to report liking each other more
-showing the propinquity effect

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6
Q

Festinger and colleagues demonstrated that attraction and propinquity rely not only on ________, but also on the more psychological ___________?

A

-actual physical distance; functional distance

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7
Q

Define functional distance

A

-architecture that forces you to cross paths more with certain people than others

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8
Q

Propinquity works because of _______, or the ____________.

A

-familiarity; mere exposure effect

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9
Q

Define mere exposure effect

A

-finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more we like it

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10
Q

In a study, they had confederates sit in university classes and not interact with anyone. Did people still experience the mere exposure effect?

A

-yes, the more often the students had seen the confederates in class, the more they liked them

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11
Q

Define similarity

A

-attraction to people who are like us

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12
Q

Define complementarity.

A

-attraction to people who are our opposites

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13
Q

Folk wisdom suggests that _____________________ but research evidence proves that it is ___________, not _____________ that draws people together.

A

-“opposites attract”; similarity; complementarity

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14
Q

In a study on male students at the university of Michigan, what did they find for who the men in the dorms became friends with?

A

-men who had similar demographics (rural background for ex) and similar attitudes and values

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15
Q

Hundred of studies have demonstrated that similarity in many domains is an important predictor of attraction in both friendships and romantic relationships. For what are similarity effects generally not as strong?

A

-personality

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16
Q

When are we also more likely to be attracted to someone?

a) They enjoy the same kinds of leisure activities that we do.
b) When they have the same attachment style.
c) When friendships are reciprocated less.
d) A and B
e) All of the above

A

-a) They enjoy the same kinds of leisure activities that we do.
b) When they have the same attachment style.

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17
Q

What cultures tend to show the strongest similarity effects?

A

-individualist

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18
Q

Why is similarity so important in attraction? Explain two explanations. (2)

A

-people that are similar to us will be more likely to like us
-people that are similar provide social validation for our characteristics and beliefs, they reinforce them

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19
Q

Define the rewards-of-interaction explanation for why similarity is so important in attraction.

A

-if a person feels the same way we do on important issues, we assume it would be enjoyable to spend time with them

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20
Q

Can attraction lead to a perception of similarity?

A

-yes

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21
Q

__________ _____________ predicts liking and attraction better than ______ ___________.

A

-perceived similarity; actual similarity

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22
Q

Define reciprocal liking

A

-liking someone who likes us in return

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23
Q

____________ is a prime determinant of interpersonal attraction?

A

-reciprocal liking

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24
Q

What did the study on reciprocal liking where they paired students up and for someone people implied the person liked them and for others implied they didn’t like them show?

A

-reciprocal liking can come about because of a self-fulfilling prophecy (you act more likeable or not)

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25
Q

Reciprocal liking effects can occur only if you ________________________________?

A

-like yourself in the first place

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26
Q

When it comes to physical attractiveness vs. personality in terms of desire which is more important? Does this change from women to men? (2)

A

-physical attractiveness
-no they score the same

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27
Q

___________ seems to be the only thing that matters, at least in situations in which strangers are forming their first impressions of each other.

A

-appearance

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28
Q

Researchers got female students to rate the desirability of a male photo while attaching them to lie detector tests. What did they find?

A

-people are aware they base their evaluations on looks, but feel they shouldn’t admit this

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29
Q

Women and men tend to share a similar set of criteria for defining beauty. Which characteristics did they both tend to find more attractive? (3)

A

-large eyes
-prominent cheekbones
-big smile

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30
Q

Do people across cultures find similar features/faces more attractive than others?

A

-yes

31
Q

________________ and income are positively correlated.

A

-attractiveness

32
Q

One reason that physically attractive people get preferential treatment has to do with the assumptions we make about attractive individuals - namely that they __________________________________.

A

-possess a host of desirable traits

33
Q

Define “what is beautiful is good” stereotype. Does research confirm this occurs? (2)

A

-beautiful people have good traits
-yes

34
Q

The “what is beautiful is good” stereotype applies across the lifespan, with one exception. What is the exception?

A

-older men believe that what is beautiful and younger is good

35
Q

Does the “what is beautiful is good” stereotype operate across cultures?

A

-yes

36
Q

Meta-analyses have revealed that physical attractiveness has the largest effect on ____________ of _____________________.

A

-judgements of social competence

37
Q

The beautiful are thought to be more ________, _____________, _________, and __________ than the less attractive.

A

-sociable; extraverted; assertive; popular

38
Q

Does the stereotype that the beautiful are particularly gifted in the area of social competence have research that supports it?

A

-yes

39
Q

Define misattribution of arousal.

A

-people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

40
Q

What is the famous study that looked at the misattribution of arousal? What did they find? (2)

A

-Capilano canyon study
-50% on high bridge phone woman later and 12.5% on low bridge did

41
Q

What is the social compensation hypothesis?

A

-online friendships are more likely to be formed by lonely, introverted people who lack the social skills to form relationships in person

42
Q

What is the social enhancement hypothesis?

A

-those who are extraverted will use the internet to gain more friends (rich get richer)

43
Q

A study conducted with high school students found support for the ______________________ among boys and support for the _____________ among girls.

A

-social compensation hypothesis (socially anxious boys had better friendship quality online); rich get richer hypothesis

44
Q

In a study on music based online friendships, what did they find for the tendency of relationships with someone online to develop to?

A

-they wouldn’t develop further unless they communicated through other means as well (face to face, texting, phone calls)

45
Q

Several studies have found that people report being _________ with their real world friendships than their online friendships.

A

-happier

46
Q

Although online dating offers users a much larger pool of potential romantic partners, the success rate of online dates is what compare to “natural” methods?

A

-it is no higher than those made through natural in person routes

47
Q

Zick Rubin defined love. What was their definition?

A

-feelings of intimacy, attachment, and passion and argued that love is a distinct feeling from liking

48
Q

According to Ellen Berscheid, there are four basic kinds of love: ________________ love, _________________ love, ____________ love, and ______________ love.

A

-passionate/romantic
-companionate (friendship based), compassionated, attachment

49
Q

In lecture social echgange theories like comparison levels

A

okay

50
Q

What did Berscheid and Walster say were the two major kinds of love? (2)

A

-companionate love
-passionate love

51
Q

Define companionate love

A

-feelings of intimacy and affection we feel toward someone with whom our lives are deeply intertwined

52
Q

Can people experience companionate love in nonsexual relationships?

A

-yes

53
Q

Define passionate love

A

-intense longing for another person

54
Q

What is passionate love characterized by? (2)

A

-obsessive thoughts
-heightened physiological arousal

55
Q

What is a way to measure passionate love?

A

-passionate love scale

56
Q

What did researchers find for the two specific areas deep within the brain that were activated when participants looked at the photographs of their romantic partner and not activated when they looked at photographs of their acquaintance?

A

-ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the caudate nucleus

57
Q

What is the VTA?

A

-a major reward and motivation centre, as is the caudate nucleus

58
Q

Did people in other cultures, heterosexual and same-sex relationships show the same brain areas activated when looking at a loved one?

A

-yes

59
Q

The definitions of love that were found by ordinary people included both companionate and passionate features. Which did people say captured the meaning of love more?

A

-companionate

60
Q

Who has research found to fall in love more quickly and endorse romantic beliefs such as “true love lasts forever”?

A

-men

61
Q

Who holds a more practical, friendship-based orientation to love?

A

-women

62
Q

When researchers looked at how high or low women and men’s rating on love were, they found that even though men rate _______ love higher than did women, both sexes gave this kind of love a ___ rating.

A

-romantic; low

63
Q

Researchers found that women had rated _________ love higher than men did, though both sexes gave this kind of love the _______ rating.

A

-companionate; highest

64
Q

_______ love has less value in collectivist societies than individualist societies.

A

-romantic

65
Q

People in __________ cultures value passionate love more than people from _________ cultures.

A

-individualist; collectivist

66
Q

People from _____ cultures value companionate love more than people from _______ cultures do.

A

-collectivist; individualist

67
Q

Fitness is measured by its _______________________.

A

-reproductive success

68
Q

For women, reproduction is ______, for men it has ________.

A

-costly, relatively few costs

69
Q

In Buss’s study on what women and men preferred in their love interest, what did women say they valued more so than men?

A

-ambition, industriousness and good earning capacity

70
Q

In Buss’s study, what did men say they valued more so than women?

A

-physical attractiveness

71
Q

Although evolutionary theorists emphasize gender differences in what people are looking for in a relationship, what have studies found are the top characteristic for both women’s and men’s list?

A

-warm and loving, honest, trustworthy, pleasant personality

72
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

-states that our behaviour in adult relationships is based on our experiences as infants with our parents/caregivers

73
Q

What are the three attachment styles? (3)

A

-secure
-avoidant
-anxious/ambivalent

74
Q

On 9.3: multiple attachment representations

A

yes

PSYC 2245 - Social (9 decks)

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