Chapter 11 - Aggression Flashcards
Define aggression
-intentional behaviour aimed at causing either physical or psychological pain
Define hostile aggression
-aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
Define instrumental aggression
-intention to hurt the other person, but the hurting takes place as a means to some goal other than causing pain (like football players)
Define honour cultures
-cultures that define male honour in terms of power, toughness and the ability to protect one’s property
Is testosterone associated with an increase in aggressive behavior?
-yes, but very slightly
Define social learning theory
-we learn social behaviors, from aggression to altruism, in large part by observing others and imitating them (observational learning)
Are alcohol and aggression related?
-yes they are
What forms of bodily discomfort result in more aggressive actions or thoughts? (5)
-pain
-heat
-humidity
-air pollution
-offensive odours
What does serotonin do?
-controls mood, attention, sleep and pain
What is the serotonin deficiency hypothesis?
-people who are low in serotonin tend to be more aggressive
When the results across studies were aggregated, the correlation between serotonin deficiency and aggression was very _____?
-small
What is the frustration-aggression theory?
-people’s perception that they are being prevented from obtaining a goal will increase the probability of an aggressive response
The closer the goal is to you, the more __________ you will feel if it is thwarted.
-aggression
_________ also increases when the frustration is ___________.
-aggression; unexepected
Does frustration always produce aggression?
-it produces anger/annoyance and a readiness to aggress if needed
Is frustration the same for when someone is deprived from having something?
-no, for example children who do no have any toys do not aggress more than children who do
Define relative deprivation
-the perception that you have less than you deserve, less than what you have been led to expect, or less than what people similar to you have
Feeling ________ _______ to others is associated with more stress, resentment, and poorer physical and mental health.
-deprived relative
If you believe someone intended to be mean, are you more liekly to act agrgessively?
-yes
Does research show that social exclusion leads to aggressive behavior?
-yes
Define the weapons effect
-an increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon
Does the argument, if guns aren’t readily available, people are less likely to use them, hold true?
-yes
Aggressive stimulus effect occurs only when we ____ an ______ with ____________.
-link an object with aggression
In terms of intimate partner violence, what are some of the trends seen?
-some reports show women perpetrate it more so, but some reports show that both genders report it equally. Police data show women are victims more.
Does male violence inflict more physical, emotional and psychological damage than female violence?
-yes
Describe the research on watching violent media and acting or having violent thoughts.
-it shows that watching this media does increase the frequency of both aggressive thoughts and behavior, but this is more pronounced for those who were seen as previously aggressive
What has longitudinal research shown for watching violent media and acting or thinking aggressively?
-the more violent TV/media they watch the more aggression they exhibit (including physical, verbal and relational)
A study that did a grand meta-analysis of research on violent video games and violent behavior said what?
-all of the analyses do in fact point to the conclusion that in the vast majority of settings, violent video games do increase aggressive behavior but that these effects are almost always quite small.
What did a meta-analysis find for exposure to pornography?
-produced negative consequences for a bunch of things
Laboratory experiments on punishment as a deterrent say that it works when what two conditions are met?
-the punishment is prompt and certain
-it is unavoidable
What is the catharsis hypothesis?
-that if you let your anger out, by punching your pillow or screaming, you will feel better after
Does research support the catharsis hypothesis?
-no
Why once you act aggressively is it easier to act aggressively again?
-because of cognitive dissonance, you legitimize your aggression
What is actively enabling?
-using a technique for your anger like counting to 10
What does empathy do for aggression?
-it reduces aggression
