Chapter 11 - Aggression

Question 1

Define aggression

Answer 1

-intentional behaviour aimed at causing either physical or psychological pain

Question 2

Define hostile aggression

Answer 2

-aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

Question 3

Define instrumental aggression

Answer 3

-intention to hurt the other person, but the hurting takes place as a means to some goal other than causing pain (like football players)

Question 4

Define honour cultures

Answer 4

-cultures that define male honour in terms of power, toughness and the ability to protect one’s property

Question 5

Is testosterone associated with an increase in aggressive behavior?

Answer 5

-yes, but very slightly

Question 6

Define social learning theory

Answer 6

-we learn social behaviors, from aggression to altruism, in large part by observing others and imitating them (observational learning)

Question 7

Are alcohol and aggression related?

Answer 7

-yes they are

Question 8

What forms of bodily discomfort result in more aggressive actions or thoughts? (5)

Answer 8

-pain
-heat
-humidity
-air pollution
-offensive odours

Question 9

What does serotonin do?

Answer 9

-controls mood, attention, sleep and pain

Question 10

What is the serotonin deficiency hypothesis?

Answer 10

-people who are low in serotonin tend to be more aggressive

Question 11

When the results across studies were aggregated, the correlation between serotonin deficiency and aggression was very _____?

Answer 11

-small

Question 12

What is the frustration-aggression theory?

Answer 12

-people’s perception that they are being prevented from obtaining a goal will increase the probability of an aggressive response

Question 13

The closer the goal is to you, the more __________ you will feel if it is thwarted.

Answer 13

-aggression

Question 14

_________ also increases when the frustration is ___________.

Answer 14

-aggression; unexepected

Question 15

Does frustration always produce aggression?

Answer 15

-it produces anger/annoyance and a readiness to aggress if needed

Question 16

Is frustration the same for when someone is deprived from having something?

Answer 16

-no, for example children who do no have any toys do not aggress more than children who do

Question 17

Define relative deprivation

Answer 17

-the perception that you have less than you deserve, less than what you have been led to expect, or less than what people similar to you have

Question 18

Feeling ________ _______ to others is associated with more stress, resentment, and poorer physical and mental health.

Answer 18

-deprived relative

Question 19

If you believe someone intended to be mean, are you more liekly to act agrgessively?

Answer 19

-yes

Question 20

Does research show that social exclusion leads to aggressive behavior?

Answer 20

-yes

Question 21

Define the weapons effect

Answer 21

-an increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

Question 22

Does the argument, if guns aren’t readily available, people are less likely to use them, hold true?

Answer 22

-yes

Question 23

Aggressive stimulus effect occurs only when we ____ an ______ with ____________.

Answer 23

-link an object with aggression

Question 24

In terms of intimate partner violence, what are some of the trends seen?

Answer 24

-some reports show women perpetrate it more so, but some reports show that both genders report it equally. Police data show women are victims more.

Question 25

Does male violence inflict more physical, emotional and psychological damage than female violence?

Answer 25

-yes

Question 26

Describe the research on watching violent media and acting or having violent thoughts.

Answer 26

-it shows that watching this media does increase the frequency of both aggressive thoughts and behavior, but this is more pronounced for those who were seen as previously aggressive

Question 27

What has longitudinal research shown for watching violent media and acting or thinking aggressively?

Answer 27

-the more violent TV/media they watch the more aggression they exhibit (including physical, verbal and relational)

Question 28

A study that did a grand meta-analysis of research on violent video games and violent behavior said what?

Answer 28

-all of the analyses do in fact point to the conclusion that in the vast majority of settings, violent video games do increase aggressive behavior but that these effects are almost always quite small.

Question 29

What did a meta-analysis find for exposure to pornography?

Answer 29

-produced negative consequences for a bunch of things

Question 30

Laboratory experiments on punishment as a deterrent say that it works when what two conditions are met?

Answer 30

-the punishment is prompt and certain
-it is unavoidable

Question 31

What is the catharsis hypothesis?

Answer 31

-that if you let your anger out, by punching your pillow or screaming, you will feel better after

Question 32

Does research support the catharsis hypothesis?

Answer 32

-no

Question 33

Why once you act aggressively is it easier to act aggressively again?

Answer 33

-because of cognitive dissonance, you legitimize your aggression

Question 34

What is actively enabling?

Answer 34

-using a technique for your anger like counting to 10

Question 35

What does empathy do for aggression?

Answer 35

-it reduces aggression