Chapter 9 Architectural Pattern Of An Animal

Question 0

Characterizes unicellular organisms. All life functions are confined within the boundaries of a single cell, the fundamental unit of life. Within a cell, protoplasm is differentiated into organelles capable of performing specialized functions.

Answer 0

Protoplasmic grade of organization

Question 1

An aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated. A division of labor is evident, so that some cells are concerned with,for example, reproduction, and others with nutrition. Some flagellates, such as Volvox, that have distinct somatic and reproductive cells are placed at the cellular level of organization. Many authorities also place sponges at this level.

Answer 1

Cellular grade of organization

Question 2

An aggregation of similar cells into definite patterns or layers and organized to perform a common function, to form a tissue.

Answer 2

Cell-tissue grade of organization

Question 3

An aggregation of tissues into organs. Organs are usually composed of more than one kind of tissue and have a more specialized function than tissue.

Answer 3

Tissue-organ grade of organization

Question 4

Organs work together to perform some function, producing the highest level of organization.

Answer 4

Organ-system grade of organization

Question 5

Multicellular animal (cellular grade of organization).

Answer 5

Metazoa

Question 6

Cells grouped together and perform their common function as a coordinated unit

Answer 6

Tissue

Question 7

Animals at or beyond the cell-tissue grade of organization

Answer 7

Eumetazoans

Question 8

The specialized tissue of an organ as distinguished from the supporting connective tissue

Answer 8

Parenchyma (anything poured in beside)

Question 9

Supporting connective tissue framework of an animal organ; filmy framework of red blood corpuscles and certain cells.

Answer 9

Stroma (bedding)

Question 10

Any plane passing through the center divides a body into equivalent, or mirrored, halves.

Answer 10

Spherical symmetry

Question 11

Applies to forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes

Answer 11

Radical symmetry

Question 12

A type of radial symmetry in which only two planes passing through the oral-aboral axis yield mirror images because some structure is paired

Answer 12

Biracial symmetry

Question 13

Applies to animals that can be divided along a sagittal plane into two mirror portions (right and left halves)

Answer 13

Bilateral symmetry

Question 14

The evolutionary process by which sensory organs and specialized appendages become localized in the head end of animals

Answer 14

Cephalization (head)

Question 15

Designate the head end

Answer 15

Anterior

Question 16

The opposite side of the head or the tail end

Answer 16

Posterior

Question 17

The back or upper side

Answer 17

Dorsal

Question 18

The front or belly side

Answer 18

Ventral

Question 19

Refers to the midline of the body

Answer 19

Medial

Question 20

The sides

Answer 20

Lateral

Question 21

Parts further the middle of the body

Answer 21

Distal

Question 22

Parts are nearer

Answer 22

Proximal

Question 23

A fluid-filled cavity,shaped spherical and composed of a layer of cells

Answer 23

Blastocoel (gut hollow)

Question 24

Embryonic stage, usually cap- or sac-shaped, with walls of two layers of cells surrounding a cavity (archenteron) with one opening (blastopore)

Answer 24

Gastrula

Question 25

Two germ layers

Answer 25

Diploblastic

Question 26

Third germ layer

Answer 26

Mesoderm

Question 27

Without a coelom (common in flatworms and proboscis worms)

Answer 27

Acelomate (not cavity)

Question 28

In lower animals, a spongy mass of vacuolated mesenchyme cells filling spaces between viscera muscles, or epithelial; in some, cell bodies of muscle cells. Also, the specialized tissue of an organ as distinguished from the supporting connective tissue (acoelomate)

Answer 28

Parenchyma (anything poured in beside)

Question 29

Mesodermal cells line the outer edge of the blastocoel, leaving two body cavities: a persistent blastocoel and a gut cavity

Answer 29

Pseudocoelomate

Question 30

Mesodermal cells fill the blastocoel, forming a solid band of tissue around the gut

Answer 30

Schizocoelous/enterocoelus/coeloniate body plan

Question 31

A type of coelom formed by the outpouching of a mesodermal sac from the endoderm of the primitive gut

Answer 31

Enterocoel