Chapter 14 Flashcards
What is a true sucker called? Especially in flukes and leeches; the socket in the hip bone that receives the thigh bone.
acetabulum
What body plan is without a coelom, as in flatworms and proboscis worms?
acoelomate
Evolutionary diversification that produces numerous ecologically disparate lineages from a single ancestral one, especially when this diversification occurs within a short interval of geological time.
adaptive radiation
Having to do with nutrition or nourishment.
alimentary
The head end of an organism, or (as an adjective) toward that end.
anterior
One of the less muscular chambers of the heart; atrium; the external ear, or pinna; any earlike lobe or process
auricle
A blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine; any similar pouch
cecum
the process by which specialization, particularly of the sensory organs and appendages, become localized in the head end of animals.
cephalization
tadpolelike larva of trematodes (flukes)
cercaria
a hairlike, vabratile organelle process found on many animal cells. cilia may be used moving particles along the cell surface or, in ciliate protozoans, for locomotion
cilium
a hairlike tuft on an insect appendage; locomortor organelle of fused cilia; male copulatory organ of some invertebrates
cirrus
internal cavity of a cnidarian; gastrovascular cavity; archenteron
coeloenteron
a protonephridial cell with a single flagellum enclosed in a cylinder of cytoplasmic rods
cyrtocyte
a type of juvenile tapeworm composed of a solid-bodied cyst containing a invaginated scolex; contrast with cysticercus
cysticercoid
a type of juvenile tapeworm in which an invaginated and introverted scolex is contain in a fluid-filled bladder; constrast with cysticercoid
cysticercus
the host in which sexual reproduction of symbiont takes place; if no sexual reproducation, then the host in which the symbiont becomes mature and reproduces; contrast intermediate host
definitive host
a type of cleavage, usually spiral, in which the fate of the blastomeres is determined very early in development; mosaic cleavage
determinate cleavage
toward the back, or upper surface, of an animal
dorsal
organs in the epidermid of most turbellarians, with three cell types; viscid and releasing gland cells and anchor cells.
dual-gland adhesive organ
yolk for nutrition of the embryo contributed by cells that are separate from the egg cell and are combined with the zygote by envelopment within the eggshell
ectolecithal
the outer, nonvascular layer of skin of ectodermal origin; in invertebrates, a single layer of ectodermal epithelium
epidermis
a fiberlike cell or strand of protoplasmic material produced or secreted by a cell and lying outside the cell
fiber
specialized hollow excretory or osmoregulatory structure of one or several small cells containing a tuft of flagella and situated at the end of a minute tubule; connected tubules ultimately open to the outside. see solenocyte, protonephridium
flame cell
A member of class Trematoda or class Monogenea. Also certain of the flatfishes (order Pleuronectiformes)
fluke
an aggregation of nerve tissue containing nerve cells
ganglion
body cavity in certain lower invertebrates that functions in both digestion and circulation and has a single opening serving as both mouth and anus.
gastrovascular cavity
groove in malre schistosomes (certain trematodes) that carries the female
gynocophoric canal
a type of cyst formed by juveniles of certain tapeworms (Echinococcus) in their vertebrate hosts
hydatid cyst
a host in which some development of symbiont occurs, but in which maturation and sexual reproducation do not take place
intermediate host
occurring within a body cell or withing body cells
intracellular
the anterior narrow portion that can be withdrawn into the trunk of a sipunculid worm.
introvert
an immature stage that is quite different from the adult
larva
of or pertaining to the side of an animal; a bilateral animal has two sides
lateral
glands of uncertain function surrounding the ootype of trematodes and cestodes
Mehlis’ gland
embryonic connective tissue; irregular or amebocytic cells often embedded in gelatinous matrix
mesenchyme
the third germ layer, formed in the gastrula between the ectoderm and endoderm; gives rise to connective tissues, muscle, urogenital and vascular systems, and the peritoneum
mesoderm
fluke juvenile (cercaria) that has lost its tail and has become encysted
metacercaria
a minute ciliated larval stage in the life of flukes
miracidium
tapeworms with a single proglottid, do not undergo strobilation to from chaing of proglottids
monozoic
a simple eye or eyespot in many types of invertebrates
ocellus
a ciliated larva of a monogentic trematode
oncomiracidium
rounded larva common to all cestodes, bears hooks
oncosphere
part of oviduct in flatworms the receives ducts from vitelline glands and Mehlis’ gland
ootype
posterior attachment organ of monogenetic trematode
opisthaptor
a small nipplelike projection. a vascular process that nourishes the root of a hair, feather, or developing tooth
papilla
in lower animals, a spongy mass of vacuolated mesenchyme cells filling spaces between viscera, muscles, or epithelia; in some, cell bodies of muscle cells. Also, the specialized tissue of an organ is distinguished from the supporting connective tissue
parenchyma
the part of the digestive tract between the mouth cavity and the esophagus that, in vertebrates, is common to both digestive and respiratory tracts. In cephalochordates the gill slits open from it.
pharynx
the origin and diversification of any taxon, or the evolutionary history of its origin and diversification, usually presented in the form of a dendrogram
phylogeny
free-swimming, hat-shaped larva of nemertine worms
pilidium
hypothetical form representing ancestor of Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes.
planuloid ancestor
a network, especially of nerves or blood vessels
plexus
in systematics, the ordering of alternative states of a taxonomic character from evolutionarily ancestral to derived conditions. In developmental biology, the tendency for the axis of an ovum to orient corresponding to the axis of the mother. Also, condition of having opposite poles; differential distribution of dradation along an axis
polarity
a tapeworm forming a strobila of several to many proglottids; also, a colony of many zooids
polyzoic
usually applied to a radially smmetrical organism descended from a bilateral ancestor and developing from a bilaterally symmetrical larva
primary bilateral symmetry
a snout or trunk. also tubular sucking or feeding organ with the mouth at the end as in planarians, leeches, and insects. also, the sensory and defensive organ at the anterior end of cetrain invertebrates
proboscis
portion of a tapeworm contain a set of reproductive organs; usually correstponds to a segment
proglottid
primitive osmoregulatory or excretory organ consisting of a tubule terminating internally with flame bulb or solenocyte; the unit of a flame bulb system
protonphridium
a larval stage in the life cycle of flukes; it is produced by a sporocyst larva, and in turn gives rise to many cercariae
redia
rodlike structures in the cells of the epidermis or underlying parenchyma in certain turbellarians. they are discharged in mucous secretions
rhabdite
a sensory organ of aquatic animals that responds to water current
rheoreceptor
in nemerteans, the dorsal tubular cavity that contains the inverted proboscis. it has no opening to the outside
rhynchocoel
projecting structure on scolex of tapeworm, often with hooks
rostellum
the holdfast, or so-called head, of a tapeworm; bears suckers and, in some, hooks, and posterior to it new proglottids are differentiated
scolex
special type of flame bulb in which the bulb bears a flagellum instead of a tuft of flagella. See flame cell. protonephridium
solenocyte
a larval stage in the life cycle of flukes; it originates from a miracidium
sporocyst
a stage in the development of the scyphozoan jellyfish. Also the chain of proglottids of a tapeworm
strobila
a mulitnucleated cell
sysyncytium
a group of symptoms characteristic of a particular disease or abnormality
syndrome
an integument: specifically external covering in cestodes and trematodes, formerly believed to be a cuticle
tegument
pertaining to metazoa in which the embryo has three primary germ layers- ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
triploblastic
situated on the lower or abdominal surface
ventral
structures in many flatworms that produce vitelline cells, that is, cells that provide eggshell material and nutrient for the embryo
vitellaria
structures in many flatworms that produce vitelline cells, that is, cells that provide eggshell material and nutrient for the embryo
vitelline gland
interlocking extensions of a flame cell and a collecting tubule cell in some protonephridia
weir
True or False The Phyla Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, Mesozoa, and Nemertea are not much more complex in organization than radiates except in their bilateral symmetry.
True
True or False: Turbellarians such as “planaria” are exclusively marine.
False
True or False: Free-living turbellarians are never parastic.
True
The intestines of turbellarians can be?
A) Branched
B) Simple
C) Absent
D) A, B and C above
E) None of the above is correct
A) Branched
The Platyhelminthes have ____________ that aid in osmoregulation and the excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
A) Malpighian tubules
B) Kidneys
C) Flame cells
D) Bladders
E) Ommatidia
C) Flame cells
True or False: The human liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, infects humans who swim or bathe in contaminated water.
False
One of the intermediate hosts of the liver fluke (the host that is identified by the sporocyst and redia life stages) is a ?
A) Flatworm
B) Roundworm
C) Snail
D) Sponge
E) None of the above is correct
C) Snail
Which of the following is mismatched?
A) Taeniar saginatus–beef tapeworm
B) Taenia solium–pork tapeworm
C) Scolex–attachment or holdfast organ
D) Class Cestoda–roundworms
E) Proglottid–linear series of sets of reproductive organs
D) Class Cestoda–roundworms
True or False: The Platyhelminthes are acoelomates with diploblastic tissues and bilateral symmetry.
False: The Platyhelminthes are acoelomates with triploblastic tissues and bilateral symmetry.
True or False: Acoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, Mesozoa and Nemertea are the simplest animals that have primary bilateral symmetry.
True
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Platyhelminthes?
A) Protonephridia (flame bulbs)
B) Dorsoventrally flattened body
C) Bilateral symmetry
D) Lack of sense organs
E) Circular and longitudinal muscles
D) Lack of sense organs
True or False: Most turbellarians have a cellular, ciliated epidermis.
False
True or False: A meshwork of parenchyma cells, developed from the mesoderm, fills the spaces between muscles and the visceral organs.
True
Which of the following is mismatched?
A) Protonephridia–flame bulbs
B) Ocelli–light–sensitive eyespot
C) Trematodes–undergo sexual reproduction in their intermediate hosts
D) Turbellarians–are capable of regeneration
E) Trematodes–all parasitic flukes
C) Trematodes–undergo sexual reproduction in their intermediate hosts
True or False: The means of infection of the Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, is via metacercariae ingested by eating raw fish.
True
True or False: The main ill effects of schistosomiasis result from the larval forms. The larvae of one species, S. haemotobium causes ulceration of the bladder wall with bloody urine and pain on urination.
False
True or False: Eating raw snails causes Swimmer’s Itch.
False
Which of the following is NOT a correct statement?
A) Lung flukes may cause chronic respiratory symptoms with breathing difficulties and a cough.
B) Life cycles of monogenetic flukes are direct, with a single host.
C) Cestodes, or tapeworms, have distinct proglottids which are reproductive units.
D) The scolex is a harpoon-like structure that is used to spear prey.
E) Proglottid formation of Cestodes may represent a true segmentation according to some experts
D) The scolex is a harpoon-like structure that is used to spear prey.
Which of the following is incorrect?
A) Beef tapeworm–Taenia saginata
B) Dog tapeworm–Dipylidium caninum
C) Oncospheres–larvae that burrow through the intestinal wall
D) Taenia saginata–much more dangerous than Taenia solium
E) Nemertea–eversible proboscis
E) Nemertea–eversible proboscis
True or False: Nemerteans show some derived features absent from flatworms. One of these is the eversible proboscis and its sheath, for which there are no counterparts among any other phylum.
True
The nemerteans have a complete digestive tract, unlike the Platyhelminthes, which means that they have a(n)?
A) Rhynchocoel
B) Anus
C) Proboscis
D) Branched digestive tract
E) None of the above is correct
B) Anus
True or False: Current molecular evidence supports a phylogenetic relationship of mesozoans and flatworms and the inclusion of Mesozoa in the superphylum Lophotrochozoa.
True
Rhombozoans live in the kidneys of benthic cephalopods such as octopuses, cuttlefishes, and squids. Their adults are called:
A) Squamiforms
B) Vermiforms
C) Zygogens
D) Amphiblastula
E) None of the above is correct
B) Vermiforms
True or False: Some investigators believe that a planuloid ancestor may have given rise to one branch of sessile organisms and one bilaterally symmetrical branch.
True
Direct developing parasitic worms that possess an opisthaptor are in the class
A) Cestoda
B) Cubozoa
C) Turbellaria
D) Monogenea
E) Schyphozoa
D) Monogenea
Metacercariae are present in which class
A) Cestoda
B) Cubozoa
C) Turbellaria
D) Monogenea
E) Trematoda
E) Trematoda
True or False: Protonephridia are structures in a flatworm endocrine system
False
