Chapter 9 and 11 Flashcards

1
Q

In the long run, the economy will approach _____ employment.

A

• full

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2
Q

In the short-run, economic coordination is _____.

A

• pronounced

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3
Q

_____ leads to depressions and recessions according to Keynes, so the government ought to _____.

A
  • insufficient demand

* buy stuff

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4
Q

Auction prices are those that _____, while sticky / custom prices _____.

A
  • adjust quickly / on a daily basis

* adjust slowly; like industrial commodities where changes in demand don’t immediately lead to price changes.

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5
Q

For most firms, _____ is the largest cost; since this tends to be a _____, so the prices of firm products usually reflect that

A
  • wages

* sticky price

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6
Q

Sticky prices lead to a _____ economy where supply/demand fails to quickly _____.

A
  • hampered

* bring prices and production into equilibrium

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7
Q

Short-run macroeconomics is _____.

A

• period of time when prices don’t change or change very slowly

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8
Q

Aggregate demand curve shows _____. It slopes _____.

A
  • relationship between real GDP and prices

* downward

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9
Q

The wealth effect _____; interest effect _____; and the international trade effect _____. These are all to _____ the AD curve.

A
  • means that increases in spending result from falling price levels or increases in the real value of money
  • says low interest rates lead to more consumption, more demand for goods / services
  • says an open economy will lead to lower price levels and increased demand for goods
  • move along.
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10
Q

Factors that shift the AD curve to the right or left without changes in prices include _____.

A

• changes in supply of money, taxes, gov’t spending, and all other changes in demand.

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11
Q

Increases in the supply of money will _____, leading to the AD curve shifting to the _____.

A
  • increase aggregate demand

* right

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12
Q

Decrease in taxes lead to _____, thereby shifting the AD curve _____.

A
  • increased demand

* to the right

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13
Q

At any price level, increases in gov’t spending shift AD _____

A

• to the right

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14
Q

Any kind of _____ will generally shift the AD curve to the right.

A

• increase in demand without an increase in price

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15
Q

The multiplier effect means that when the gov’t spends, the AD curve _____.
Multiplier = _____.

A
  • Shifts to the right by a factor more than the original amount spent.
  • 1 / (1 - MPC)
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16
Q

A multiplier is _____.

A

• ratio between the total shift in aggregate demand to the initial shift.

17
Q

The consumption function is _____. The marginal propensity to consume is _____ and marginal propensity to save is _____. MPC + MPS = _____.

A
  • C = C_a + by where C is total spending, C_a is the autonomous spending, b is the marginal propensity to consume, and y is the output of the economy.
  • MPC = additional consumption / additional income
  • MPS = additional savings / additional income
  • 1
18
Q

Recessions are the result of sharp _____.

A

• increases in demand or decreases in supply

19
Q

Equilibrium output is _____ and the savings function is _____.

A
  • y* = (C_a + I) / (1 - b)

* S = y - C; y = C + I; S = I

20
Q

Fiscal multiplier function is _____.

A

• C + I + G

21
Q

Both increases in gov’t spending and taxes will _____, although _____ will have a smaller multiplier effect.

A
  • increase total planned expenditures for goods / services.

* taxes

22
Q

The broken window fallacy says _____.

A

• Keynes’ model means that breaking a window will help GDP and therefore society. The fallacy asks whether this is actually good for society.

23
Q

Automatic stabilizers are _____.

A

• welfare, taxes, unemployment insurance, “automatic” things that control GDP fluctuations

24
Q

Progress tax rates are automatic stabilizers in that _____.

A

• they stabilize income as it goes up and down

25
Q

An increase in tax rate will _____ MPC.

A

• decrease

26
Q

The permanent income mindset means _____. Lack of inventory cycle means _____. Both of these are factors of _____.

A
  • stable income leads to spending habits based on the average.
  • firms overproduce what is demanded need so their products sit on the shelves, leading to lags in the economy.
  • economic stability
27
Q

To account for exports and imports in the expenditures vs. output graph, _____.

A

• Exports are (X) added to C_a+I+X+G that all contribute to the expenditure-intercept of the line, while the slope of this line is b-m where b is MPC and m is the marginal propensity to import.

28
Q

A reduction of income will change the expenditure-output chart by _____. This is because _____.

A
  • flattening the line, or reducing its slope.

* a reduction in income means a reduction in the MPC, and MPC is slope.

29
Q

The locomotive effect means _____.

A

• When rich countries import crap from 3rd world countries, it tends to a situation where rich countries, in their development, “drag” developing countries with them.